Financial Markets

22 Jan 0

Risk Premium

A risk premium is the additional return or yield that an investor requires for taking on the extra risk associated with an investment compared to a risk-free alternative. In other words, it compensates investors for bearing uncertainty or potential losses that come with riskier assets.

The formula for the Risk Premium is generally expressed as the difference between the expected return on a risky asset and the return on a risk-free asset. Here’s the formula:

Risk Premium = Expected Return on Risky Asset − Risk-Free Rate

$\text{Risk Premium} = \text{Expected Return on Risky Asset} – \text{Risk-Free Rate}$

Where:

Expected Return on Risky Asset is the return that investors anticipate earning from a specific risky asset (e.g., a stock, corporate bond, or long-term government bond).
Risk-Free Rate is the return on an asset considered to be free of risk, often represented by the return on short-term government bonds (such as U.S. Treasury bonds).

Example:

If the expected return on a corporate bond is 6%, and the risk-free rate (say, the return on a 1-year Treasury bond) is 2%, the risk premium would be:

$\text{Risk Premium} = 6\% – 2\% = 4\%$

This means that investors require an additional 4% return for taking on the risk of the corporate bond, as compared to the risk-free Treasury bond.

Additional Forms of Risk Premiums

Equity Risk Premium: For stocks, the risk premium is the difference between the expected return on the stock market (or a specific stock) and the risk-free rate.
$\text{Equity Risk Premium} = \text{Expected Return on Stocks} – \text{Risk-Free Rate}$
Credit Risk Premium: For bonds, it’s the difference between the yield on a corporate bond and the yield on a government bond of similar maturity.
$\text{Credit Risk Premium} = \text{Yield on Corporate Bond} – \text{Yield on Government Bond}$

In these cases, the formula follows the same basic structure but is applied to different assets (stocks, corporate bonds, etc.).

Key Points about Risk Premium

Risk vs. Risk-Free Asset:
- Risk-free assets are investments that are considered to have no risk of default or loss, such as government bonds from a stable country (e.g., U.S. Treasury bonds).
- Risky assets include investments like stocks, corporate bonds, or even long-term government bonds from less stable countries, which carry the possibility of higher returns but also greater risk (e.g., market volatility or default risk).
The difference between the return on a risky asset and the return on a risk-free asset is the risk premium.
Compensation for Risk:
- The idea is that investors expect higher returns for taking on higher levels of risk. For example, an investor in corporate bonds might demand a higher return than they would receive from a government bond, compensating them for the risk of the corporation defaulting on its debt.
Types of Risk Premiums:
- Equity Risk Premium: The additional return that investors expect to earn from investing in stocks over the return on risk-free assets (e.g., U.S. Treasury bonds).
- Credit Risk Premium: The extra yield that investors demand for holding bonds issued by borrowers who are not considered risk-free (i.e., corporate bonds or bonds from countries with weaker credit ratings).
- Liquidity Premium: Investors may require a premium for holding assets that are not easily tradable or that take longer to sell without affecting the price.
- Term Premium: The additional return for holding long-term bonds compared to short-term bonds, compensating for interest rate risk (the risk that interest rates will change unfavorably over time).
Why It Exists:
- Uncertainty: Riskier investments have more uncertainty about future returns. Investors demand compensation for taking on that uncertainty.
- Volatility: The higher the potential for volatility or loss, the higher the risk premium that investors demand.
- Default Risk: If there’s a chance that an issuer of debt might not pay back the principal or interest (as with corporate bonds or bonds from riskier countries), investors will require a risk premium.

Example of Risk Premium

Let’s say the risk-free rate (the return on a 1-year U.S. Treasury bond) is 2%, and you’re considering investing in a corporate bond with a higher risk of default. If the expected return on the corporate bond is 5%, the risk premium for this bond would be 5% – 2% = 3%.

How Risk Premiums Affect Financial Markets

Investors’ Choices: Investors will compare the risk premiums offered by different investments and choose those that align with their risk tolerance and return expectations.
Asset Prices: Risk premiums can affect asset prices. If the perceived risk of an asset increases, the required risk premium will also increase, causing the price of the asset to fall (since higher yields are demanded by investors).
Economic Implications: A higher overall risk premium in the market may signal increased uncertainty or risk aversion among investors, which can influence economic conditions and investment decisions.

Risk Premium and the Unbiased Expectation Hypothesis (UEH)

In the context of the Unbiased Expectation Hypothesis, if there were a risk premium in play, long-term interest rates would no longer be an unbiased reflection of future short-term rates. Instead, long-term rates would also incorporate a premium for the risk of holding longer-term securities. This would make the relationship between short-term and long-term rates more complex, as investors would be demanding a premium to compensate for the uncertainty over time.

In summary, the risk premium is a fundamental concept in finance, representing the extra return investors demand to compensate for the risks they assume when investing in assets that are not risk-free.

Admin

Financial Instruments, Financial Markets

17 Jan 0

Standard and Poor’s 500 (S&P 500) Index

Notes

Foundation: 04 March 1957
Operator: S&P Dow Jones Indices
Exchanges: New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), NASDAQ (NAS), Cboe BZX Exchange
Trading Symbol: ^GSPC
Constituents: 503
Type: Large-cap
Market Cap: US$42.4 trillion (Jan. 2022)
Weighting Method: Free-float capitalization-weighted
Website: www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/indices/equity/sp-500/

S&P 500: A Detailed Explanation

The S&P 500 (Standard & Poor’s 500) is one of the most widely recognized and followed stock market indices in the world. It represents the performance of 500 of the largest publicly traded companies in the United States. The index is considered a benchmark for the overall health of the U.S. stock market and is often used by investors to gauge the performance of the U.S. economy.

1. What Is the S&P 500?

The S&P 500 is a market-capitalization-weighted index, meaning the companies with the largest market values (stock price multiplied by shares outstanding) have the most influence on the index’s performance. It includes a diverse range of companies from various sectors of the economy, such as technology, healthcare, financials, energy, consumer goods, and more. It is designed to represent the broad U.S. stock market, making it a key gauge for investment professionals, economists, and analysts.

2. Components of the S&P 500:

500 Companies: The S&P 500 index is made up of 500 large, publicly traded companies. The exact composition changes over time as companies are added or removed based on specific criteria.
Market Capitalization: The S&P 500 includes companies from different industries, but it is weighted by market capitalization. The largest companies, such as Apple, Microsoft, and Amazon, have a greater impact on the index’s performance compared to smaller companies.
Sector Representation: The S&P 500 covers 11 broad sectors of the economy:
1. Information Technology
2. Health Care
3. Consumer Discretionary
4. Financials
5. Communication Services
6. Industrials
7. Consumer Staples
8. Energy
9. Utilities
10. Real Estate
11. Materials

3. How Is the S&P 500 Calculated?

The S&P 500 is a capitalization-weighted index, meaning the index is calculated by adding up the total market value (market capitalization) of all the companies in the index. This means that companies with a larger market capitalization have a bigger effect on the movement of the index than smaller companies.

Formula:

$\text{S&P 500 Index} = \frac{\text{Sum of Market Capitalizations of All 500 Companies}}{\text{Index Divisor}}$

Market Capitalization: This is calculated by multiplying the stock price of each company by the total number of shares outstanding.
Index Divisor: The divisor is a value used to maintain the continuity of the index over time, ensuring that changes such as stock splits, mergers, or new additions do not artificially distort the index’s value.

4. Criteria for Inclusion in the S&P 500:

To be included in the S&P 500, a company must meet several criteria:

Market Capitalization: The company must have a market capitalization of at least $14.6 billion (as of 2024).
Liquidity: The company must have adequate liquidity, meaning its stock should trade in large volumes.
Domicile: The company must be based in the United States.
Sector Representation: The company must fit into one of the sectors covered by the index.
Financial Viability: The company should have positive earnings in the most recent quarter and over the past four quarters.
Public Float: A significant portion of the company’s shares must be publicly available for trading (not closely held by insiders).

5. Why Is the S&P 500 Important?

The S&P 500 is considered one of the most important stock market indices for several reasons:

a. Market Benchmark:

The S&P 500 is often used as a benchmark to measure the performance of U.S. stocks. When people say “the market is up or down,” they are typically referring to the performance of the S&P 500.

b. Diversification:

The index covers a broad spectrum of industries and sectors, so it provides a diversified snapshot of the U.S. economy. Investors often use the S&P 500 as a proxy for the overall U.S. stock market.

c. Widely Used in Investment Products:

Many mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and index funds track the S&P 500. These products offer investors a way to invest in the broader U.S. market without needing to pick individual stocks.

d. Economic Indicator:

Because the S&P 500 includes 500 major companies from diverse sectors, it is considered a leading indicator of economic health. A strong performance in the index often reflects a growing economy, while a decline may indicate economic weakness.

6. Performance of the S&P 500:

The performance of the S&P 500 can be used to evaluate the health of the U.S. stock market over time. It’s important to note that the S&P 500 index is price-weighted, meaning its performance reflects the total return of the companies it includes, considering stock price movements and dividends.

a. Total Return:

The S&P 500 is often quoted in terms of both price return and total return. The price return reflects only the movement in the price of the stocks, while the total return also includes dividends reinvested.

b. Historical Returns:

Historically, the S&P 500 has provided an average annual return of around 7-10% after adjusting for inflation. However, this can vary greatly from year to year depending on economic conditions, market trends, and other factors.

7. S&P 500 vs. Other Indices:

Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA): The DJIA is another widely followed index, but it tracks only 30 large companies, compared to the 500 companies in the S&P 500. Additionally, the DJIA is price-weighted, while the S&P 500 is market-cap-weighted. This means that the S&P 500 provides a broader, more diverse picture of the market.
NASDAQ Composite: The NASDAQ Composite Index includes a large number of technology companies and is more heavily weighted towards the tech sector than the S&P 500. While the S&P 500 includes a broader range of industries, the NASDAQ is often seen as a technology-focused benchmark.

8. Investment in the S&P 500:

Many investors use the S&P 500 as a tool for building diversified portfolios. There are several ways to invest in the S&P 500:

Index Funds: These are mutual funds that aim to replicate the performance of the S&P 500 by holding the same stocks in the same proportions.
Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs): ETFs such as the SPDR S&P 500 ETF (SPY) track the performance of the index and can be bought and sold on stock exchanges like regular stocks.
Direct Investment: Although it’s more difficult for individual investors to directly invest in all 500 companies, they can buy shares in index funds or ETFs that do so.

9. Advantages of Investing in the S&P 500:

a. Diversification:

The S&P 500 provides exposure to a broad spectrum of the U.S. economy. By investing in it, an investor gains indirect exposure to multiple sectors, reducing the risk associated with individual stocks.

b. Lower Costs:

Index funds and ETFs that track the S&P 500 usually have lower fees than actively managed funds because they simply aim to replicate the performance of the index rather than picking individual stocks.

c. Historical Performance:

The S&P 500 has historically provided a good balance between risk and return, offering investors strong long-term returns, making it a popular choice for retirement accounts and long-term investing.

10. Limitations of the S&P 500:

a. Market Capitalization Bias:

Because the S&P 500 is market-cap-weighted, larger companies have a disproportionate impact on the performance of the index. For example, companies like Apple and Microsoft can heavily influence the index’s movement, potentially overshadowing smaller companies in the index.

b. Does Not Include Small-Cap Stocks:

While the S&P 500 includes large-cap companies, it does not provide exposure to small-cap or mid-cap companies, which may offer different growth opportunities.

c. Lack of Global Exposure:

The S&P 500 focuses on U.S.-based companies, so it does not offer direct exposure to international markets, which may be important for investors seeking global diversification.

Conclusion:

The S&P 500 is one of the most important and widely followed stock market indices, providing a broad representation of the performance of the largest U.S. companies. As a market-cap-weighted index, it reflects the collective health of the U.S. economy and is commonly used by investors to track overall market performance. Due to its broad diversification and historical performance, many investors use it as a core component of their investment strategy, especially for long-term growth.

Index

Symbol	Security	GICS Sector	GICS Sub-Industry
A	Agilent Technologies	Health Care	Life Sciences Tools & Services
AAPL	Apple Inc.	Information Technology	Technology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals
ABBV	AbbVie	Health Care	Biotechnology
ABNB	Airbnb	Consumer Discretionary	Hotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines
ABT	Abbott Laboratories	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
ACGL	Arch Capital Group	Financials	Property & Casualty Insurance
ACN	Accenture	Information Technology	IT Consulting & Other Services
ADBE	Adobe Inc.	Information Technology	Application Software
ADI	Analog Devices	Information Technology	Semiconductors
ADM	Archer Daniels Midland	Consumer Staples	Agricultural Products & Services
ADP	Automatic Data Processing	Industrials	Human Resource & Employment Services
ADSK	Autodesk	Information Technology	Application Software
AEE	Ameren	Utilities	Multi-Utilities
AEP	American Electric Power	Utilities	Electric Utilities
AES	AES Corporation	Utilities	Independent Power Producers & Energy Traders
AFL	Aflac	Financials	Life & Health Insurance
AIG	American International Group	Financials	Multi-line Insurance
AIZ	Assurant	Financials	Multi-line Insurance
AJG	Arthur J. Gallagher & Co.	Financials	Insurance Brokers
AKAM	Akamai Technologies	Information Technology	Internet Services & Infrastructure
ALB	Albemarle Corporation	Materials	Specialty Chemicals
ALGN	Align Technology	Health Care	Health Care Supplies
ALL	Allstate	Financials	Property & Casualty Insurance
ALLE	Allegion	Industrials	Building Products
AMAT	Applied Materials	Information Technology	Semiconductor Materials & Equipment
AMCR	Amcor	Materials	Paper & Plastic Packaging Products & Materials
AMD	Advanced Micro Devices	Information Technology	Semiconductors
AME	Ametek	Industrials	Electrical Components & Equipment
AMGN	Amgen	Health Care	Biotechnology
AMP	Ameriprise Financial	Financials	Asset Management & Custody Banks
AMT	American Tower	Real Estate	Telecom Tower REITs
AMTM	Amentum	Industrials	Diversified Support Services
AMZN	Amazon	Consumer Discretionary	Broadline Retail
ANET	Arista Networks	Information Technology	Communications Equipment
ANSS	Ansys	Information Technology	Application Software
AON	Aon	Financials	Insurance Brokers
AOS	A. O. Smith	Industrials	Building Products
APA	APA Corporation	Energy	Oil & Gas Exploration & Production
APD	Air Products	Materials	Industrial Gases
APH	Amphenol	Information Technology	Electronic Components
APTV	Aptiv	Consumer Discretionary	Automotive Parts & Equipment
ARE	Alexandria Real Estate Equities	Real Estate	Office REITs
ATO	Atmos Energy	Utilities	Gas Utilities
AVB	AvalonBay Communities	Real Estate	Multi-Family Residential REITs
AVGO	Broadcom	Information Technology	Semiconductors
AVY	Avery Dennison	Materials	Paper & Plastic Packaging Products & Materials
AWK	American Water Works	Utilities	Water Utilities
AXON	Axon Enterprise	Industrials	Aerospace & Defense
AXP	American Express	Financials	Consumer Finance
AZO	AutoZone	Consumer Discretionary	Automotive Retail
BA	Boeing	Industrials	Aerospace & Defense
BAC	Bank of America	Financials	Diversified Banks
BALL	Ball Corporation	Materials	Metal, Glass & Plastic Containers
BAX	Baxter International	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
BBY	Best Buy	Consumer Discretionary	Computer & Electronics Retail
BDX	Becton Dickinson	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
BEN	Franklin Resources	Financials	Asset Management & Custody Banks
BF.B	Brownâ€“Forman	Consumer Staples	Distillers & Vintners
BG	Bunge Global	Consumer Staples	Agricultural Products & Services
BIIB	Biogen	Health Care	Biotechnology
BK	BNY Mellon	Financials	Asset Management & Custody Banks
BKNG	Booking Holdings	Consumer Discretionary	Hotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines
BKR	Baker Hughes	Energy	Oil & Gas Equipment & Services
BLDR	Builders FirstSource	Industrials	Building Products
BLK	BlackRock	Financials	Asset Management & Custody Banks
BMY	Bristol Myers Squibb	Health Care	Pharmaceuticals
BR	Broadridge Financial Solutions	Industrials	Data Processing & Outsourced Services
BRK.B	Berkshire Hathaway	Financials	Multi-Sector Holdings
BRO	Brown & Brown	Financials	Insurance Brokers
BSX	Boston Scientific	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
BWA	BorgWarner	Consumer Discretionary	Automotive Parts & Equipment
BX	Blackstone Inc.	Financials	Asset Management & Custody Banks
BXP	BXP, Inc.	Real Estate	Office REITs
C	Citigroup	Financials	Diversified Banks
CAG	Conagra Brands	Consumer Staples	Packaged Foods & Meats
CAH	Cardinal Health	Health Care	Health Care Distributors
CARR	Carrier Global	Industrials	Building Products
CAT	Caterpillar Inc.	Industrials	Construction Machinery & Heavy Transportation Equipment
CB	Chubb Limited	Financials	Property & Casualty Insurance
CBOE	Cboe Global Markets	Financials	Financial Exchanges & Data
CBRE	CBRE Group	Real Estate	Real Estate Services
CCI	Crown Castle	Real Estate	Telecom Tower REITs
CCL	Carnival	Consumer Discretionary	Hotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines
CDNS	Cadence Design Systems	Information Technology	Application Software
CDW	CDW	Information Technology	Technology Distributors
CE	Celanese	Materials	Specialty Chemicals
CEG	Constellation Energy	Utilities	Electric Utilities
CF	CF Industries	Materials	Fertilizers & Agricultural Chemicals
CFG	Citizens Financial Group	Financials	Regional Banks
CHD	Church & Dwight	Consumer Staples	Household Products
CHRW	C.H. Robinson	Industrials	Air Freight & Logistics
CHTR	Charter Communications	Communication Services	Cable & Satellite
CI	Cigna	Health Care	Health Care Services
CINF	Cincinnati Financial	Financials	Property & Casualty Insurance
CL	Colgate-Palmolive	Consumer Staples	Household Products
CLX	Clorox	Consumer Staples	Household Products
CMCSA	Comcast	Communication Services	Cable & Satellite
CME	CME Group	Financials	Financial Exchanges & Data
CMG	Chipotle Mexican Grill	Consumer Discretionary	Restaurants
CMI	Cummins	Industrials	Construction Machinery & Heavy Transportation Equipment
CMS	CMS Energy	Utilities	Multi-Utilities
CNC	Centene Corporation	Health Care	Managed Health Care
CNP	CenterPoint Energy	Utilities	Multi-Utilities
COF	Capital One	Financials	Consumer Finance
COO	Cooper Companies (The)	Health Care	Health Care Supplies
COP	ConocoPhillips	Energy	Oil & Gas Exploration & Production
COR	Cencora	Health Care	Health Care Distributors
COST	Costco	Consumer Staples	Consumer Staples Merchandise Retail
CPAY	Corpay	Financials	Transaction & Payment Processing Services
CPB	Campbell Soup Company	Consumer Staples	Packaged Foods & Meats
CPRT	Copart	Industrials	Diversified Support Services
CPT	Camden Property Trust	Real Estate	Multi-Family Residential REITs
CRL	Charles River Laboratories	Health Care	Life Sciences Tools & Services
CRM	Salesforce	Information Technology	Application Software
CRWD	CrowdStrike	Information Technology	Systems Software
CSCO	Cisco	Information Technology	Communications Equipment
CSGP	CoStar Group	Real Estate	Real Estate Services
CSX	CSX Corporation	Industrials	Rail Transportation
CTAS	Cintas	Industrials	Diversified Support Services
CTLT	Catalent	Health Care	Pharmaceuticals
CTRA	Coterra	Energy	Oil & Gas Exploration & Production
CTSH	Cognizant	Information Technology	IT Consulting & Other Services
CTVA	Corteva	Materials	Fertilizers & Agricultural Chemicals
CVS	CVS Health	Health Care	Health Care Services
CVX	Chevron Corporation	Energy	Integrated Oil & Gas
CZR	Caesars Entertainment	Consumer Discretionary	Casinos & Gaming
D	Dominion Energy	Utilities	Multi-Utilities
DAL	Delta Air Lines	Industrials	Passenger Airlines
DAY	Dayforce	Industrials	Human Resource & Employment Services
DD	DuPont	Materials	Specialty Chemicals
DE	Deere & Company	Industrials	Agricultural & Farm Machinery
DECK	Deckers Brands	Consumer Discretionary	Footwear
DELL	Dell Technologies	Information Technology	Technology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals
DFS	Discover Financial	Financials	Consumer Finance
DG	Dollar General	Consumer Staples	Consumer Staples Merchandise Retail
DGX	Quest Diagnostics	Health Care	Health Care Services
DHI	D. R. Horton	Consumer Discretionary	Homebuilding
DHR	Danaher Corporation	Health Care	Life Sciences Tools & Services
DIS	Walt Disney Company (The)	Communication Services	Movies & Entertainment
DLR	Digital Realty	Real Estate	Data Center REITs
DLTR	Dollar Tree	Consumer Staples	Consumer Staples Merchandise Retail
DOC	Healthpeak Properties	Real Estate	Health Care REITs
DOV	Dover Corporation	Industrials	Industrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
DOW	Dow Inc.	Materials	Commodity Chemicals
DPZ	Domino's	Consumer Discretionary	Restaurants
DRI	Darden Restaurants	Consumer Discretionary	Restaurants
DTE	DTE Energy	Utilities	Multi-Utilities
DUK	Duke Energy	Utilities	Electric Utilities
DVA	DaVita	Health Care	Health Care Services
DVN	Devon Energy	Energy	Oil & Gas Exploration & Production
DXCM	Dexcom	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
EA	Electronic Arts	Communication Services	Interactive Home Entertainment
EBAY	eBay	Consumer Discretionary	Broadline Retail
ECL	Ecolab	Materials	Specialty Chemicals
ED	Consolidated Edison	Utilities	Multi-Utilities
EFX	Equifax	Industrials	Research & Consulting Services
EG	Everest Group	Financials	Reinsurance
EIX	Edison International	Utilities	Electric Utilities
EL	EstÃ©e Lauder Companies (The)	Consumer Staples	Personal Care Products
ELV	Elevance Health	Health Care	Managed Health Care
EMN	Eastman Chemical Company	Materials	Specialty Chemicals
EMR	Emerson Electric	Industrials	Electrical Components & Equipment
ENPH	Enphase Energy	Information Technology	Semiconductor Materials & Equipment
EOG	EOG Resources	Energy	Oil & Gas Exploration & Production
EPAM	EPAM Systems	Information Technology	IT Consulting & Other Services
EQIX	Equinix	Real Estate	Data Center REITs
EQR	Equity Residential	Real Estate	Multi-Family Residential REITs
EQT	EQT Corporation	Energy	Oil & Gas Exploration & Production
ERIE	Erie Indemnity	Financials	Insurance Brokers
ES	Eversource Energy	Utilities	Electric Utilities
ESS	Essex Property Trust	Real Estate	Multi-Family Residential REITs
ETN	Eaton Corporation	Industrials	Electrical Components & Equipment
ETR	Entergy	Utilities	Electric Utilities
EVRG	Evergy	Utilities	Electric Utilities
EW	Edwards Lifesciences	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
EXC	Exelon	Utilities	Electric Utilities
EXPD	Expeditors International	Industrials	Air Freight & Logistics
EXPE	Expedia Group	Consumer Discretionary	Hotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines
EXR	Extra Space Storage	Real Estate	Self-Storage REITs
F	Ford Motor Company	Consumer Discretionary	Automobile Manufacturers
FANG	Diamondback Energy	Energy	Oil & Gas Exploration & Production
FAST	Fastenal	Industrials	Trading Companies & Distributors
FCX	Freeport-McMoRan	Materials	Copper
FDS	FactSet	Financials	Financial Exchanges & Data
FDX	FedEx	Industrials	Air Freight & Logistics
FE	FirstEnergy	Utilities	Electric Utilities
FFIV	F5, Inc.	Information Technology	Communications Equipment
FI	Fiserv	Financials	Transaction & Payment Processing Services
FICO	Fair Isaac	Information Technology	Application Software
FIS	Fidelity National Information Services	Financials	Transaction & Payment Processing Services
FITB	Fifth Third Bancorp	Financials	Regional Banks
FMC	FMC Corporation	Materials	Fertilizers & Agricultural Chemicals
FOX	Fox Corporation (Class B)	Communication Services	Broadcasting
FOXA	Fox Corporation (Class A)	Communication Services	Broadcasting
FRT	Federal Realty Investment Trust	Real Estate	Retail REITs
FSLR	First Solar	Information Technology	Semiconductors
FTNT	Fortinet	Information Technology	Systems Software
FTV	Fortive	Industrials	Industrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
GD	General Dynamics	Industrials	Aerospace & Defense
GDDY	GoDaddy	Information Technology	Internet Services & Infrastructure
GE	GE Aerospace	Industrials	Aerospace & Defense
GEHC	GE HealthCare	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
GEN	Gen Digital	Information Technology	Systems Software
GEV	GE Vernova	Industrials	Heavy Electrical Equipment
GILD	Gilead Sciences	Health Care	Biotechnology
GIS	General Mills	Consumer Staples	Packaged Foods & Meats
GL	Globe Life	Financials	Life & Health Insurance
GLW	Corning Inc.	Information Technology	Electronic Components
GM	General Motors	Consumer Discretionary	Automobile Manufacturers
GNRC	Generac	Industrials	Electrical Components & Equipment
GOOG	Alphabet Inc. (Class C)	Communication Services	Interactive Media & Services
GOOGL	Alphabet Inc. (Class A)	Communication Services	Interactive Media & Services
GPC	Genuine Parts Company	Consumer Discretionary	Distributors
GPN	Global Payments	Financials	Transaction & Payment Processing Services
GRMN	Garmin	Consumer Discretionary	Consumer Electronics
GS	Goldman Sachs	Financials	Investment Banking & Brokerage
GWW	W. W. Grainger	Industrials	Industrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
HAL	Halliburton	Energy	Oil & Gas Equipment & Services
HAS	Hasbro	Consumer Discretionary	Leisure Products
HBAN	Huntington Bancshares	Financials	Regional Banks
HCA	HCA Healthcare	Health Care	Health Care Facilities
HD	Home Depot (The)	Consumer Discretionary	Home Improvement Retail
HES	Hess Corporation	Energy	Integrated Oil & Gas
HIG	Hartford (The)	Financials	Property & Casualty Insurance
HII	Huntington Ingalls Industries	Industrials	Aerospace & Defense
HLT	Hilton Worldwide	Consumer Discretionary	Hotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines
HOLX	Hologic	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
HON	Honeywell	Industrials	Industrial Conglomerates
HPE	Hewlett Packard Enterprise	Information Technology	Technology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals
HPQ	HP Inc.	Information Technology	Technology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals
HRL	Hormel Foods	Consumer Staples	Packaged Foods & Meats
HSIC	Henry Schein	Health Care	Health Care Distributors
HST	Host Hotels & Resorts	Real Estate	Hotel & Resort REITs
HSY	Hershey Company (The)	Consumer Staples	Packaged Foods & Meats
HUBB	Hubbell Incorporated	Industrials	Industrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
HUM	Humana	Health Care	Managed Health Care
HWM	Howmet Aerospace	Industrials	Aerospace & Defense
IBM	IBM	Information Technology	IT Consulting & Other Services
ICE	Intercontinental Exchange	Financials	Financial Exchanges & Data
IDXX	Idexx Laboratories	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
IEX	IDEX Corporation	Industrials	Industrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
IFF	International Flavors & Fragrances	Materials	Specialty Chemicals
INCY	Incyte	Health Care	Biotechnology
INTC	Intel	Information Technology	Semiconductors
INTU	Intuit	Information Technology	Application Software
INVH	Invitation Homes	Real Estate	Single-Family Residential REITs
IP	International Paper	Materials	Paper & Plastic Packaging Products & Materials
IPG	Interpublic Group of Companies (The)	Communication Services	Advertising
IQV	IQVIA	Health Care	Life Sciences Tools & Services
IR	Ingersoll Rand	Industrials	Industrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
IRM	Iron Mountain	Real Estate	Other Specialized REITs
ISRG	Intuitive Surgical	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
IT	Gartner	Information Technology	IT Consulting & Other Services
ITW	Illinois Tool Works	Industrials	Industrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
IVZ	Invesco	Financials	Asset Management & Custody Banks
J	Jacobs Solutions	Industrials	Construction & Engineering
JBHT	J.B. Hunt	Industrials	Cargo Ground Transportation
JBL	Jabil	Information Technology	Electronic Manufacturing Services
JCI	Johnson Controls	Industrials	Building Products
JKHY	Jack Henry & Associates	Financials	Transaction & Payment Processing Services
JNJ	Johnson & Johnson	Health Care	Pharmaceuticals
JNPR	Juniper Networks	Information Technology	Communications Equipment
JPM	JPMorgan Chase	Financials	Diversified Banks
K	Kellanova	Consumer Staples	Packaged Foods & Meats
KDP	Keurig Dr Pepper	Consumer Staples	Soft Drinks & Non-alcoholic Beverages
KEY	KeyCorp	Financials	Regional Banks
KEYS	Keysight Technologies	Information Technology	Electronic Equipment & Instruments
KHC	Kraft Heinz	Consumer Staples	Packaged Foods & Meats
KIM	Kimco Realty	Real Estate	Retail REITs
KKR	KKR	Financials	Asset Management & Custody Banks
KLAC	KLA Corporation	Information Technology	Semiconductor Materials & Equipment
KMB	Kimberly-Clark	Consumer Staples	Household Products
KMI	Kinder Morgan	Energy	Oil & Gas Storage & Transportation
KMX	CarMax	Consumer Discretionary	Automotive Retail
KO	Coca-Cola Company (The)	Consumer Staples	Soft Drinks & Non-alcoholic Beverages
KR	Kroger	Consumer Staples	Food Retail
KVUE	Kenvue	Consumer Staples	Personal Care Products
L	Loews Corporation	Financials	Multi-line Insurance
LDOS	Leidos	Industrials	Diversified Support Services
LEN	Lennar	Consumer Discretionary	Homebuilding
LH	LabCorp	Health Care	Health Care Services
LHX	L3Harris	Industrials	Aerospace & Defense
LIN	Linde plc	Materials	Industrial Gases
LKQ	LKQ Corporation	Consumer Discretionary	Distributors
LLY	Lilly (Eli)	Health Care	Pharmaceuticals
LMT	Lockheed Martin	Industrials	Aerospace & Defense
LNT	Alliant Energy	Utilities	Electric Utilities
LOW	Lowe's	Consumer Discretionary	Home Improvement Retail
LRCX	Lam Research	Information Technology	Semiconductor Materials & Equipment
LULU	Lululemon Athletica	Consumer Discretionary	Apparel, Accessories & Luxury Goods
LUV	Southwest Airlines	Industrials	Passenger Airlines
LVS	Las Vegas Sands	Consumer Discretionary	Casinos & Gaming
LW	Lamb Weston	Consumer Staples	Packaged Foods & Meats
LYB	LyondellBasell	Materials	Specialty Chemicals
LYV	Live Nation Entertainment	Communication Services	Movies & Entertainment
MA	Mastercard	Financials	Transaction & Payment Processing Services
MAA	Mid-America Apartment Communities	Real Estate	Multi-Family Residential REITs
MAR	Marriott International	Consumer Discretionary	Hotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines
MAS	Masco	Industrials	Building Products
MCD	McDonald's	Consumer Discretionary	Restaurants
MCHP	Microchip Technology	Information Technology	Semiconductors
MCK	McKesson Corporation	Health Care	Health Care Distributors
MCO	Moody's Corporation	Financials	Financial Exchanges & Data
MDLZ	Mondelez International	Consumer Staples	Packaged Foods & Meats
MDT	Medtronic	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
MET	MetLife	Financials	Life & Health Insurance
META	Meta Platforms	Communication Services	Interactive Media & Services
MGM	MGM Resorts	Consumer Discretionary	Casinos & Gaming
MHK	Mohawk Industries	Consumer Discretionary	Home Furnishings
MKC	McCormick & Company	Consumer Staples	Packaged Foods & Meats
MKTX	MarketAxess	Financials	Financial Exchanges & Data
MLM	Martin Marietta Materials	Materials	Construction Materials
MMC	Marsh McLennan	Financials	Insurance Brokers
MMM	3M	Industrials	Industrial Conglomerates
MNST	Monster Beverage	Consumer Staples	Soft Drinks & Non-alcoholic Beverages
MO	Altria	Consumer Staples	Tobacco
MOH	Molina Healthcare	Health Care	Managed Health Care
MOS	Mosaic Company (The)	Materials	Fertilizers & Agricultural Chemicals
MPC	Marathon Petroleum	Energy	Oil & Gas Refining & Marketing
MPWR	Monolithic Power Systems	Information Technology	Semiconductors
MRK	Merck & Co.	Health Care	Pharmaceuticals
MRNA	Moderna	Health Care	Biotechnology
MS	Morgan Stanley	Financials	Investment Banking & Brokerage
MSCI	MSCI	Financials	Financial Exchanges & Data
MSFT	Microsoft	Information Technology	Systems Software
MSI	Motorola Solutions	Information Technology	Communications Equipment
MTB	M&T Bank	Financials	Regional Banks
MTCH	Match Group	Communication Services	Interactive Media & Services
MTD	Mettler Toledo	Health Care	Life Sciences Tools & Services
MU	Micron Technology	Information Technology	Semiconductors
NCLH	Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings	Consumer Discretionary	Hotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines
NDAQ	Nasdaq, Inc.	Financials	Financial Exchanges & Data
NDSN	Nordson Corporation	Industrials	Industrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
NEE	NextEra Energy	Utilities	Multi-Utilities
NEM	Newmont	Materials	Gold
NFLX	Netflix	Communication Services	Movies & Entertainment
NI	NiSource	Utilities	Multi-Utilities
NKE	Nike, Inc.	Consumer Discretionary	Apparel, Accessories & Luxury Goods
NOC	Northrop Grumman	Industrials	Aerospace & Defense
NOW	ServiceNow	Information Technology	Systems Software
NRG	NRG Energy	Utilities	Independent Power Producers & Energy Traders
NSC	Norfolk Southern Railway	Industrials	Rail Transportation
NTAP	NetApp	Information Technology	Technology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals
NTRS	Northern Trust	Financials	Asset Management & Custody Banks
NUE	Nucor	Materials	Steel
NVDA	Nvidia	Information Technology	Semiconductors
NVR	NVR, Inc.	Consumer Discretionary	Homebuilding
NWS	News Corp (Class B)	Communication Services	Publishing
NWSA	News Corp (Class A)	Communication Services	Publishing
NXPI	NXP Semiconductors	Information Technology	Semiconductors
O	Realty Income	Real Estate	Retail REITs
ODFL	Old Dominion	Industrials	Cargo Ground Transportation
OKE	ONEOK	Energy	Oil & Gas Storage & Transportation
OMC	Omnicom Group	Communication Services	Advertising
ON	ON Semiconductor	Information Technology	Semiconductors
ORCL	Oracle Corporation	Information Technology	Application Software
ORLY	O'Reilly Auto Parts	Consumer Discretionary	Automotive Retail
OTIS	Otis Worldwide	Industrials	Industrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
OXY	Occidental Petroleum	Energy	Oil & Gas Exploration & Production
PANW	Palo Alto Networks	Information Technology	Systems Software
PARA	Paramount Global	Communication Services	Movies & Entertainment
PAYC	Paycom	Industrials	Human Resource & Employment Services
PAYX	Paychex	Industrials	Human Resource & Employment Services
PCAR	Paccar	Industrials	Construction Machinery & Heavy Transportation Equipment
PCG	PG&E Corporation	Utilities	Multi-Utilities
PEG	Public Service Enterprise Group	Utilities	Electric Utilities
PEP	PepsiCo	Consumer Staples	Soft Drinks & Non-alcoholic Beverages
PFE	Pfizer	Health Care	Pharmaceuticals
PFG	Principal Financial Group	Financials	Life & Health Insurance
PG	Procter & Gamble	Consumer Staples	Personal Care Products
PGR	Progressive Corporation	Financials	Property & Casualty Insurance
PH	Parker Hannifin	Industrials	Industrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
PHM	PulteGroup	Consumer Discretionary	Homebuilding
PKG	Packaging Corporation of America	Materials	Paper & Plastic Packaging Products & Materials
PLD	Prologis	Real Estate	Industrial REITs
PLTR	Palantir Technologies	Information Technology	Internet Services & Infrastructure
PM	Philip Morris International	Consumer Staples	Tobacco
PNC	PNC Financial Services	Financials	Diversified Banks
PNR	Pentair	Industrials	Industrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
PNW	Pinnacle West	Utilities	Multi-Utilities
PODD	Insulet Corporation	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
POOL	Pool Corporation	Consumer Discretionary	Distributors
PPG	PPG Industries	Materials	Specialty Chemicals
PPL	PPL Corporation	Utilities	Electric Utilities
PRU	Prudential Financial	Financials	Life & Health Insurance
PSA	Public Storage	Real Estate	Self-Storage REITs
PSX	Phillips 66	Energy	Oil & Gas Refining & Marketing
PTC	PTC Inc.	Information Technology	Application Software
PWR	Quanta Services	Industrials	Construction & Engineering
PYPL	PayPal	Financials	Transaction & Payment Processing Services
QCOM	Qualcomm	Information Technology	Semiconductors
QRVO	Qorvo	Information Technology	Semiconductors
RCL	Royal Caribbean Group	Consumer Discretionary	Hotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines
REG	Regency Centers	Real Estate	Retail REITs
REGN	Regeneron Pharmaceuticals	Health Care	Biotechnology
RF	Regions Financial Corporation	Financials	Regional Banks
RJF	Raymond James Financial	Financials	Investment Banking & Brokerage
RL	Ralph Lauren Corporation	Consumer Discretionary	Apparel, Accessories & Luxury Goods
RMD	ResMed	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
ROK	Rockwell Automation	Industrials	Electrical Components & Equipment
ROL	Rollins, Inc.	Industrials	Environmental & Facilities Services
ROP	Roper Technologies	Information Technology	Electronic Equipment & Instruments
ROST	Ross Stores	Consumer Discretionary	Apparel Retail
RSG	Republic Services	Industrials	Environmental & Facilities Services
RTX	RTX Corporation	Industrials	Aerospace & Defense
RVTY	Revvity	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
SBAC	SBA Communications	Real Estate	Telecom Tower REITs
SBUX	Starbucks	Consumer Discretionary	Restaurants
SCHW	Charles Schwab Corporation	Financials	Investment Banking & Brokerage
SHW	Sherwin-Williams	Materials	Specialty Chemicals
SJM	J.M. Smucker Company (The)	Consumer Staples	Packaged Foods & Meats
SLB	Schlumberger	Energy	Oil & Gas Equipment & Services
SMCI	Supermicro	Information Technology	Technology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals
SNA	Snap-on	Industrials	Industrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
SNPS	Synopsys	Information Technology	Application Software
SO	Southern Company	Utilities	Electric Utilities
SOLV	Solventum	Health Care	Health Care Technology
SPG	Simon Property Group	Real Estate	Retail REITs
SPGI	S&P Global	Financials	Financial Exchanges & Data
SRE	Sempra	Utilities	Multi-Utilities
STE	Steris	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
STLD	Steel Dynamics	Materials	Steel
STT	State Street Corporation	Financials	Asset Management & Custody Banks
STX	Seagate Technology	Information Technology	Technology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals
STZ	Constellation Brands	Consumer Staples	Distillers & Vintners
SW	Smurfit WestRock	Materials	Paper & Plastic Packaging Products & Materials
SWK	Stanley Black & Decker	Industrials	Industrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
SWKS	Skyworks Solutions	Information Technology	Semiconductors
SYF	Synchrony Financial	Financials	Consumer Finance
SYK	Stryker Corporation	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
SYY	Sysco	Consumer Staples	Food Distributors
T	AT&T	Communication Services	Integrated Telecommunication Services
TAP	Molson Coors Beverage Company	Consumer Staples	Brewers
TDG	TransDigm Group	Industrials	Aerospace & Defense
TDY	Teledyne Technologies	Information Technology	Electronic Equipment & Instruments
TECH	Bio-Techne	Health Care	Life Sciences Tools & Services
TEL	TE Connectivity	Information Technology	Electronic Manufacturing Services
TER	Teradyne	Information Technology	Semiconductor Materials & Equipment
TFC	Truist Financial	Financials	Diversified Banks
TFX	Teleflex	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
TGT	Target Corporation	Consumer Staples	Consumer Staples Merchandise Retail
TJX	TJX Companies	Consumer Discretionary	Apparel Retail
TMO	Thermo Fisher Scientific	Health Care	Life Sciences Tools & Services
TMUS	T-Mobile US	Communication Services	Wireless Telecommunication Services
TPL	Texas Pacific Land Corporation	Energy	Oil & Gas Exploration & Production
TPR	Tapestry, Inc.	Consumer Discretionary	Apparel, Accessories & Luxury Goods
TRGP	Targa Resources	Energy	Oil & Gas Storage & Transportation
TRMB	Trimble Inc.	Information Technology	Electronic Equipment & Instruments
TROW	T. Rowe Price	Financials	Asset Management & Custody Banks
TRV	Travelers Companies (The)	Financials	Property & Casualty Insurance
TSCO	Tractor Supply	Consumer Discretionary	Other Specialty Retail
TSLA	Tesla, Inc.	Consumer Discretionary	Automobile Manufacturers
TSN	Tyson Foods	Consumer Staples	Packaged Foods & Meats
TT	Trane Technologies	Industrials	Building Products
TTWO	Take-Two Interactive	Communication Services	Interactive Home Entertainment
TXN	Texas Instruments	Information Technology	Semiconductors
TXT	Textron	Industrials	Aerospace & Defense
TYL	Tyler Technologies	Information Technology	Application Software
UAL	United Airlines Holdings	Industrials	Passenger Airlines
UBER	Uber	Industrials	Passenger Ground Transportation
UDR	UDR, Inc.	Real Estate	Multi-Family Residential REITs
UHS	Universal Health Services	Health Care	Health Care Facilities
ULTA	Ulta Beauty	Consumer Discretionary	Other Specialty Retail
UNH	UnitedHealth Group	Health Care	Managed Health Care
UNP	Union Pacific Corporation	Industrials	Rail Transportation
UPS	United Parcel Service	Industrials	Air Freight & Logistics
URI	United Rentals	Industrials	Trading Companies & Distributors
USB	U.S. Bancorp	Financials	Diversified Banks
V	Visa Inc.	Financials	Transaction & Payment Processing Services
VICI	Vici Properties	Real Estate	Hotel & Resort REITs
VLO	Valero Energy	Energy	Oil & Gas Refining & Marketing
VLTO	Veralto	Industrials	Environmental & Facilities Services
VMC	Vulcan Materials Company	Materials	Construction Materials
VRSK	Verisk Analytics	Industrials	Research & Consulting Services
VRSN	Verisign	Information Technology	Internet Services & Infrastructure
VRTX	Vertex Pharmaceuticals	Health Care	Biotechnology
VST	Vistra Corp.	Utilities	Electric Utilities
VTR	Ventas	Real Estate	Health Care REITs
VTRS	Viatris	Health Care	Pharmaceuticals
VZ	Verizon	Communication Services	Integrated Telecommunication Services
WAB	Wabtec	Industrials	Construction Machinery & Heavy Transportation Equipment
WAT	Waters Corporation	Health Care	Life Sciences Tools & Services
WBA	Walgreens Boots Alliance	Consumer Staples	Drug Retail
WBD	Warner Bros. Discovery	Communication Services	Broadcasting
WDC	Western Digital	Information Technology	Technology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals
WEC	WEC Energy Group	Utilities	Electric Utilities
WELL	Welltower	Real Estate	Health Care REITs
WFC	Wells Fargo	Financials	Diversified Banks
WM	Waste Management	Industrials	Environmental & Facilities Services
WMB	Williams Companies	Energy	Oil & Gas Storage & Transportation
WMT	Walmart	Consumer Staples	Consumer Staples Merchandise Retail
WRB	W. R. Berkley Corporation	Financials	Property & Casualty Insurance
WST	West Pharmaceutical Services	Health Care	Health Care Supplies
WTW	Willis Towers Watson	Financials	Insurance Brokers
WY	Weyerhaeuser	Real Estate	Timber REITs
WYNN	Wynn Resorts	Consumer Discretionary	Casinos & Gaming
XEL	Xcel Energy	Utilities	Multi-Utilities
XOM	ExxonMobil	Energy	Integrated Oil & Gas
XYL	Xylem Inc.	Industrials	Industrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
YUM	Yum! Brands	Consumer Discretionary	Restaurants
ZBH	Zimmer Biomet	Health Care	Health Care Equipment
ZBRA	Zebra Technologies	Information Technology	Electronic Equipment & Instruments
ZTS	Zoetis	Health Care	Pharmaceuticals

Admin

Financial Markets

29 Aug 0

Exchange Hours

Country	City	Exchange	MIC	Acronym	Hours
Argentina	Buenos Aires	Buenos Aires Stock Exchange	BCBA		11:00 - 17:00
Australia	Sydney	Australian Securities Exchange	XASX	ASX	10:00 - 16:00
Australia	Sydney	Chi-X Australia		CHX	10:00 - 16:00
Australia	Sydney	National Stock Exchange of Australia	XNEC	NSXA	10:00 - 16:00
Australia	Sydney	Sydney Stock Exchange	SSX		10:15 - 16:15
Austria	Vienna	Vienna Stock Exchange			09:04 - 17:30
Bahrain	Manama	Bahrain Stock Exchange	XBAH	BHB	09:30 - 13:00
Bangladesh	Chittagong	Chittagong Stock Exchange	XCHG	CSE	10:30 - 14:30
Bangladesh	Dhaka	Dhaka Stock Exchange	XDHA	DSE	10:30 - 14:30
Barbados	St. Michael	Barbados Stock Exchange	XBAB	BDE	10:00 - 13:00
Belarus	Minsk	Belarusian Currency and Stock Exchange	BCSE	BCSE	09:00 - 16:50
Belgium	Brussels	Euronext Brussels	XBRU		09:00 - 17:30
Bermuda	Hamilton	Bermuda Stock Exchange	XBDA	BSX	09:00 - 16:30
Bolivia	La Paz	Bolivian Stock Exchange	XBOL	BBV	09:00 - 12:00
Bosnia & Herzegovina	Sarajevo	Sarajevo Stock Exchange	XSSE	SASE	10:00 - 13:30
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Banja Luka	Banja Luka Stock Exchange	XBLB	BLSE	09:30 - 13:00
Botswana	Gaborone	Botswana Stock Exchange	XBOT	BSE	10:25 - 13:20
Brazil	São Paulo	Brazil Stock Exchange	BVMF	BOVESPA	10:00 - 17:55
Bulgaria	Sofia	Bulgarian Stock Exchange	XBUL	BSE	10:10 - 16:55
Cambodia	Phnom Penh	Cambodia Securities Exchange		CSX	09:00 - 14:50
Canada	Calgary	TSX Venture Exchange			09:30 - 16:15
Canada	Montreal	Bourse de Montréal Options	XMOD	CDE	02:00 - 16:30
Canada	Toronto	Canadian National Stock Exchange	XCNQ	CNSX	08:00 - 17:00
Canada	Toronto	NEO Exchange	NEOE	NEO	09:30 - 16:00
Canada	Toronto	Toronto Stock Exchange	TSX		09:30 - 16:00
Cayman Islands	Grand Cayman	Cayman Islands Stock Exchange	CSX	CSX	07:05 - 12:25
Channel Islands	St. Peter Port	The International Stock Exchange	TISE		09:00 - 16:30
Chile	Santiago	Santiago Stock Exchange	XSGO		09:30 - 16:00
China	Shanghai	Shanghai Stock Exchange	XSHG	SSE	09:30 - 11:30
China	Shenzhen	Shenzhen Stock Exchange	XSHE	SZSE	09:30 - 11:30
Colombia	Bogotá	Colombia Securities Exchange	XBOG	BVC	09:30 - 16:00
Costa Rica	San Jose	Costa Rican Stock Exchange	XBNV	BNV	10:00 - 13:00
Croatia	Zagreb	Zagreb Stock Exchange	XZAG	ZSE	09:30 - 15:55
Cyprus	Nicosia	Cyprus Stock Exchange			10:30 - 17:00
Czech Republic	Prague	Prague Stock Exchange	PSE		09:00 - 16:20
Denmark	Copenhagen	Copenhagen Stock Exchange	XCSE	OMXC	09:00 - 17:00
Ecuador	Guayaquil	Guayaquil Stock Exchange	BVG	BVG	09:30 - 15:30
Egypt	Cairo	Egyptian Exchange	XCAI	EGX	10:00 - 14:30
Egypt	Cairo	Nile Stock Exchange		NILX	10:00 - 14:30
Estonia	Tallinn	Tallinn Stock Exchange	TSE		10:00 - 16:00
Finland	Helsinki	Helsinki Stock Exchange	XHEL		10:00 - 18:30
France	Paris	Euronext Paris Exchange	XPAR		09:00 - 17:30
Germany	Berlin	Börse Berlin Stock Exchange	XBER	XBER	08:00 - 20:00
Germany	Düsseldorf	Düsseldorf Stock Exchange	XDUS	XDUS	08:00 - 20:00
Germany	Frankfurt	Deutsche Börse Xetra	XETR	XETR	09:00 - 17:30
Germany	Frankfurt	Eurex Germany	XEUR	EUREX	08:55 - 17:45
Germany	Frankfurt	Frankfurt Stock Exchange	XFRA	FSX	08:00 - 20:00
Germany	Hamburg	Hamburg Stock Exchange	XHAM		08:00 - 20:00
Germany	Hannover	Hannover Stock Exchange	XHAN		08:00 - 20:00
Germany	Munich	Munich Stock Exchange	XMUN		08:00 - 20:00
Germany	Stuttgart	Stuttgart Stock Exchange	XSTU		08:00 - 22:00
Ghana	Accra	Ghana Stock Exchange	XGHA	GSE	10:00 - 15:00
Greece	Athens	Athens Stock Exchange	ASEX	ASE	10:15 - 17:20
Hong Kong	Hong Kong	Chi-Tech Hong Kong
Hong Kong	Hong Kong	Hong Kong Stock Exchange	XHKG	HKEK	09:30 - 12:00
Hungary	Budapest	Budapest Stock Exchange	XBUD	BSE	09:00 - 17:00
Iceland	Reykjavik	Iceland Stock Exchange	XICE		09:30 - 15:30
India	Mumbai	Bombay Stock Exchange	XBOM	BSE	09:15 - 15:30
India	Mumbai	India National Stock Exchange	XNSE	NSE	09:15 - 15:30
Indonesia	Jakarta	Indonesia Stock Exchange			09:00 - 11:30
Iran	Tehran	Iran Fara Bourse	IFBX	IFB	09:00 - 12:30
Iran	Tehran	Tehran Stock Exchange			09:00 - 12:30
Ireland	Dubland	Irish Stock Exchange	XDUB	ISE	09:00 - 17:30
Israel	Tel Aviv	Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange			09:45 - 17:14
Italy	Milan	Italian Stock Exchange	XMIL	MTA	09:00 - 17:30
Ivory Coast	Abidjan	Regional Securities Exchange SA	BRVM	XBRV	09:45 - 14:00
Jamaica	Kingston	Jamaica Stock Exchange	XJAM		09:00 - 13:00
Japan	Fukuoka	Fukuoka Stock Exchange	XFKA	FSE	09:00 - 11:30
Japan	Nagoya	Nagoya Stock Exchange	XNGO	NSE	09:00 - 11:30
Japan	Sapporo	Sapporo Securities Exchange	XSAP		09:00 - 11:30
Japan	Tokyo	Chi-X Japan
Japan	Tokyo	Tokyo Stock Exchange	TYO	TSE	09:00 - 11:30
Jordan	Amman	Amman Stock Exchange	XAMM	ASE	10:30 - 12:30
Kazakhstan	Almaty	Kazakhstan Stock Exchange		KASE	11:30 - 17:00
Kenya	Nairobi	Nairobi Securities Exchange	XNAI		09:31 - 15:00
Kuwait	Kuwait	Kuwait Stock Exchange	XKUW		09:00 - 12:30
Latvia	Riga	Riga Stock Exchange	XRIS		10:00 - 15:55
Lebanon	Beirut	Beirut Stock Exchange	XBEY	BSE	09:30 - 12:30
Lithuania	Vilnius	Nasdaq Vilnius Stock Exchange	XLIT	OMXV	10:00 - 16:00
Luxembourg	Luxembourg City	Luxembourg Stock Exchange	XLUX	LUXSE	09:00 - 17:30
Macedonia	Skopje	Macedonian Stock Exchange	MSE		09:00 - 14:00
Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	Malaysia Stock Exchange	XKLS	MYX	09:00 - 12:30
Malta	Valetta	Malta Stock Exchange	XMAL	MSE	09:30 - 15:30
Mauritius	Port Louis	Stock Exchange of Mauritius	XMAU		10:00 - 14:30
Mexico	Mexico City	Mexican Stock Exchange	XMEX	BMV	08:30 - 15:00
Mongolia	Ulaanbaatar	Mongolian Stock Exchange	XULA	MSE	10:00 - 13:00
Montenegro	Podgorica	Montenegro Stock Exchange	XMNX	MNSE	09:30 - 14:00
Morocco	Casablanca	Casablanca Stock Exchange	XCAS	BC	09:30 - 15:20
Namibia	Windhoek	Namibian Stock Exchange	XNAM	NSX	09:00 - 17:00
Netherlands	Amsterdam	Euronext Amsterdam Stock Exchange	XAMS	EURONEXT	09:00 - 17:40
New Zealand	Wellington	New Zealand Stock Exchange	XNZE	NZX	10:00 - 16:45
Nigeria	Lagos	Nigerian Stock Exchange	XNSA	NSE	10:00 - 14:20
Norway	Oslo	Oslo Stock Exchange	XOSL	OSE	09:00 - 16:20
Oman	Muscat	Muscat Securities Market		MSM	10:00 - 13:00
Pakistan	Karachi	Pakistan Stock Exchange	XKAR	PSE	09:15 - 12:00
Palestine	Nablus	Palestine Securities Exchange	XPAE		10:00 - 13:00
Panama	Panama City	Panama Stock Exchange	BVPSI	BVPA	10:00 - 15:00
Peru	Lima	Lima Stock Exchange	XLIM	BVL	08:30 - 14:52
Philippines	Manila	Chi-Tech Philippines
Philippines	Manila	Philippine Stock Exchange	XPHS		09:30 - 12:45
Poland	Warsaw	Warsaw Stock Exchange			09:00 - 16:50
Portugal	Lisbon	Euronext Lisbon	XLIS		09:00 - 17:30
Qatar	Doha	Qatar Stock Exchange	DSMD		09:30 - 13:10
Romania	Bucharest	Bucharest Stock Exchange	XBSB	BVB	10:00 - 17:45
Russia	Moscow	Moscow Exchange	MISX	MOEX	09:30 - 19:00
Russia	Moscow	OTC Russia	RUSX		09:30 - 19:00
Rwanda	Kigali	Rwanda Stock Exchange	RSEX	RSE	09:00 - 12:00
Saudi Arabia	Riyadh	Saudi Stock Exchange	XSAU		10:00 - 15:00
Serbia	Belgrade	Belgrade Stock Exchange	XBEL	BELEX	09:30 - 14:00
Singapore	Singapore	Singapore Exchange	XSES	SGX	09:30 - 17:00
Slovakia	Bratislava	Bratislava Stock Exchange	XBRA	BSSE	11:00 - 15:30
Slovenia	Ljubljana	Ljubljana Stock Exchange	XLJU		09:15 - 14:20
South Africa	Johannesburg	Johannesburg Stock Exchange	XJSE	JSE	09:00 - 17:00
South Korea	Seoul	Korea Exchange	XKOS	KRX	09:00 - 15:30
Spain	Barcelona	Barcelona Stock Exchange
Spain	Bilbao	Bilbao Stock Exchange
Spain	Madrid	Madrid Stock Exchange	XMAD	BME	09:00 - 17:30
Spain	Valencia	Valencia Stock Exchange
Sri Lanka	Colombo	Colombo Stock Exchange	XCOL	CSE	09:30 - 14:30
Sweden	Stockholm	Nasdaq Stockholm	XSTO		09:00 - 17:30
Sweden	Stockholm	Nordic Growth Market	XNGM		09:00 - 17:30
Sweden	Stockholm	Spotlight Stock Market	XSAT		09:00 - 17:25
Switzerland	Zurich	BX Swiss	XBRN	BX	09:00 - 17:30
Switzerland	Zurich	Swiss Stock Exchange	SIX		09:30 - 17:00
Taiwan	Taipei	Taipei Exchange	ROCO		09:00 - 13:30
Taiwan	Taipei	Taiwan Stock Exchange			09:00 - 13:30
Tanzania	Dar Es Salaam	Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange	XDSE	DSE	10:00 - 16:00
Thailand	Bangkok	Stock Exchange of Thailand	XBKK		10:00 - 12:30
Tunisia	Tunis	Tunis Stock Exchange	BVMT		09:00 - 12:00
Turkey	Istanbul	Istanbul Stock Exchange	XIST	BIST	10:00 - 18:00
Ukraine	Kiev	PFTS Stock Exchange	PFTS		10:00 - 17:15
Ukraine	Kiev	Ukrainian Exchange			10:30 - 17:15
United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi	Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange	XADS	ADX	10:00 - 13:45
United Arab Emirates	Dubai	Dubai Financial Market	XDFM	DFM	10:00 - 13:50
United Arab Emirates	Dubai	NASDAQ Dubai	DIFX	NDXB	10:00 - 14:00
United Kingdom	London	AIM Stock Exchange	AIMX	AIM	08:00 - 16:30
United Kingdom	London	London Metal Exchange		LME	01:00 - 20:00
United Kingdom	London	London Stock Exchange	XLON	LSE	08:00 - 16:30
United Kingdom	London	NEX Exchange	NEXX	NEX	08:00 - 16:30
United Kingdom	London	OTC London	LOTC		08:00 - 17:00
United States	New York	Investors Exchange	IEX	IEX	09:30 - 16:00
United States	New York	NASDAQ Stock Exchange	XNAS	NASDAQ	09:30 - 16:00
United States	New York	New York Stock Exchange	XNYS	NYSE	09:30 - 16:00
United States	New York	NYSE American			09:30 - 16:00
United States	New York	OTC Markets U.S.	OTCM	OTC	06:00 - 17:00
Venezuela	Caracus	Caracas Stock Exchange	BVCA	BVCC	09:00 - 13:00
Vietnam	Hanoi	Hanoi Stock Exchange		HNX	09:00 - 11:30
Vietnam	Ho Chi Minh	Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange		HOSE	09:15 - 11:30
Zimbabwe	Harare	Zimbabwe Stock Exchange	ZSE		10:00 - 15:00

Admin

Financial Markets

10 Jul 0

Currencies

Country	Currency	Code	Symbol
Afghanistan	Afghani	AFN	؋
Åland Islands	Euro	EUR	€
Albania	Lek	ALL	L
Algeria	Algerian Dinar	DZD	دج
American Samoa	US Dollar	USD	$
Andorra	Euro	EUR	€
Angola	Kwanza	AOA	Kz
Anguilla	East Caribbean Dollar	XCD	$
Antarctica	No universal currency
Antigua and Barbuda	East Caribbean Dollar	XCD	$
Argentina	Argentine Peso	ARS	$
Armenia	Armenian Dram	AMD
Aruba	Aruban Florin	AWG	ƒ
Australia	Australian Dollar	AUD	$
Austria	Euro	EUR	€
Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan Manat	AZN
Bahamas, The	Bahamian Dollar	BSD	B$
Bahrain	Bahraini Dinar	BHD	.د.ب, BD
Bangladesh	Bangladeshi Taka	BDT	৳
Barbados	Barbados Dollar	BBD
Belarus	Belarusian Ruble	BYN
Belgium	Euro	EUR	€
Belize	Belize Dollar	BZD
Benin	CFA Franc BCEAO	XOF
Bermuda	Bermudian Dollar	BMD
Bhutan	Indian Rupee	INR	₹
Bhutan	Ngultrum	BTN	Nu
Bolivia, Plurinational State of	Boliviano	BOB
Bolivia, Plurinational State of	Mvdol	BOV
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba	US Dollar	USD	$
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Convertible Mark	BAM
Botswana	Pula	BWP
Bouvet Island	Norwegian Krone	NOK
Brazil	Brazilian Real	BRL	R$
British Indian Ocean Territory, The	US Dollar	USD	$
Brunei Darussalam	Brunei Dollar	BND
Bulgaria	Bulgarian Lev	BGN	лв
Burkina Faso	CFA Franc BCEAO	XOF
Burundi	Burundi Franc	BIF
Cabo Verde	Cabo Verde Escudo	CVE
Cambodia	Riel	KHR
Cameroon	CFA Franc BEAC	XAF
Canada	Canadian Dollar	CAD	$
Cayman Islands, The	Cayman Islands Dollar	KYD
Central African Republic, The	CFA Franc BEAC	XAF
Chad	CFA Franc BEAC	XAF
Chile	Chilean Peso	CLP	$
Chile	Unidad de Fomento	CLF
China	Yuan Renminbi	CNY	¥
Christmas Island	Australian Dollar	AUD	$
Cocos (Keeling) Islands, The	Australian Dollar	AUD	$
Colombia	Colombian Peso	COP	$
Colombia	Unidad de Valor Real	COU
Comoros, The	Comorian Franc	KMF
Congo, The Democratic Republic of The	Congolese Franc	CDF
Congo, The	CFA Franc BEAC	XAF
Cook Islands, The	New Zealand Dollar	NZD	$
Costa Rica	Costa Rican Colon	CRC
Côte D'Ivoire	CFA Franc BCEAO	XOF
Croatia	Croatian Kuna	HRK	kn
Cuba	Cuban Peso	CUP
Cuba	Peso Convertible	CUC
Curaçao	Netherlands Antillean Guilder	ANG
Cyprus	Euro	EUR	€
Czechia	Czech Koruna	CZK	Kč
Denmark	Danish Krone	DKK	Kr
Djibouti	Djibouti Franc	DJF
Dominica	East Caribbean Dollar	XCD	$
Dominican Republic, The	Dominican Peso	DOP
Ecuador	US Dollar	USD	$
Egypt	Egyptian Pound	EGP
El Salvador	El Salvador Colon	SVC
El Salvador	US Dollar	USD	$
Equatorial Guinea	CFA Franc BEAC	XAF
Eritrea	Nakfa	ERN
Estonia	Euro	EUR	€
Eswatini	Lilangeni	SZL
Ethiopia	Ethiopian Birr	ETB
European Union	Euro	EUR	€
Falkland Islands, The (Malvinas)	Falkland Islands Pound	FKP
Faroe Islands, The	Danish Krone	DKK
Fiji	Fiji Dollar	FJD	$
Finland	Euro	EUR	€
France	Euro	EUR	€
French Guiana	Euro	EUR	€
French Polynesia	CFP Franc	XPF
French Southern Territories, The	Euro	EUR	€
Gabon	CFA Franc BEAC	XAF
Gambia, The	Dalasi	GMD
Georgia	Georgian Lari	GEL	₾
Germany	Euro	EUR	€
Ghana	Ghana Cedi	GHS
Gibraltar	Gibraltar Pound	GIP
Greece	Euro	EUR	€
Greenland	Danish Krone	DKK
Grenada	East Caribbean Dollar	XCD	$
Guadeloupe	Euro	EUR	€
Guam	US Dollar	USD	$
Guatemala	Quetzal	GTQ
Guernsey	Pound Sterling	GBP
Guinea	Guinean Franc	GNF
Guinea-Bissau	CFA Franc BCEAO	XOF
Guyana	Guyana Dollar	GYD	$
Haiti	Gourde	HTG
Haiti	US Dollar	USD	$
Heard Island and McDonald Islands	Australian Dollar	AUD	$
Holy See, The	Euro	EUR	€
Honduras	Lempira	HNL
Hong Kong	Hong Kong Dollar	HKD	$
Hungary	Hungarian Forint	HUF	Ft
Iceland	Iceland Krona	ISK
India	Indian Rupee	INR	₹
Indonesia	Indonesian Rupiah	IDR	Rp
International Monetary Fund (IMF)	SDR (Special Drawing Right)	XDR
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Iranian Rial	IRR
Iraq	Iraqi Dinar	IQD
Ireland	Euro	EUR	€
Isle of Man	Pound Sterling	GBP
Israel	Israeli Shekel	ILS	₪
Italy	Euro	EUR	€
Jamaica	Jamaican Dollar	JMD	$
Japan	Japanese Yen	JPY	¥
Jersey	Pound Sterling	GBP
Jordan	Jordanian Dinar	JOD
Kazakhstan	Tenge	KZT
Kenya	Kenyan Shilling	KES	Ksh
Kiribati	Australian Dollar	AUD	$
Korea, The Democratic People’s Republic of	North Korean Won	KPW	₩
Korea, The Republic of	South Korean Won	KRW	₩
Kuwait	Kuwaiti Dinar	KWD
Kyrgyzstan	Som	KGS
Lao People’s Democratic Republic, The	Lao Kip	LAK
Latvia	Euro	EUR	€
Lebanon	Lebanese Pound	LBP
Lesotho	Loti	LSL
Lesotho	Rand	ZAR
Liberia	Liberian Dollar	LRD	$
Libya	Libyan Dinar	LYD
Liechtenstein	Swiss Franc	CHF
Lithuania	Euro	EUR	€
Luxembourg	Euro	EUR	€
Macao	Pataca	MOP
North Macedonia	Denar	MKD
Madagascar	Malagasy Ariary	MGA
Malawi	Malawi Kwacha	MWK
Malaysia	Malaysian Ringgit	MYR	RM
Maldives	Rufiyaa	MVR
Mali	CFA Franc BCEAO	XOF
Malta	Euro	EUR	€
Marshall Islands, The	US Dollar	USD	$
Martinique	Euro	EUR	€
Mauritania	Ouguiya	MRU
Mauritius	Mauritius Rupee	MUR
Mayotte	Euro	EUR	€
Member Countries of The African Development Bank Group	ADB Unit of Account	XUA
Mexico	Mexican Peso	MXN	$
Mexico	Mexican Unidad de Inversion (UDI)	MXV
Micronesia, Federated States of	US Dollar	USD	$
Moldova, The Republic of	Moldovan Leu	MDL
Monaco	Euro	EUR	€
Mongolia	Tugrik	MNT
Montenegro	Euro	EUR	€
Montserrat	East Caribbean Dollar	XCD
Morocco	Moroccan Dirham	MAD	.د.م
Mozambique	Mozambique Metical	MZN
Myanmar	Kyat	MMK
Namibia	Namibia Dollar	NAD	$
Namibia	Rand	ZAR
Nauru	Australian Dollar	AUD	$
Nepal	Nepalese Rupee	NPR	रू, Re, Rs
Netherlands, The	Euro	EUR	€
New Caledonia	CFP Franc	XPF
New Zealand	New Zealand Dollar	NZD	$
Nicaragua	Cordoba Oro	NIO
Niger, The	CFA Franc BCEAO	XOF
Nigeria	Nigerian Naira	NGN	₦
Niue	New Zealand Dollar	NZD	$
Norfolk Island	Australian Dollar	AUD	$
Northern Mariana Islands, The	US Dollar	USD	$
Norway	Norwegian Krone	NOK	kr
Oman	Rial Omani	OMR
Pakistan	Pakistan Rupee	PKR	Rs
Palau	US Dollar	USD	$
Palestine, State of	No universal currency
Panama	Balboa	PAB
Panama	US Dollar	USD	$
Papua New Guinea	Kina	PGK
Paraguay	Guarani	PYG
Peru	Peruvian Sol	PEN	S/
Philippines, The	Philippine Peso	PHP	₱
Pitcairn	New Zealand Dollar	NZD	$
Poland	Polish Zloty	PLN	zł
Portugal	Euro	EUR	€
Puerto Rico	US Dollar	USD	$
Qatar	Qatari Rial	QAR
Réunion	Euro	EUR	€
Romania	Romanian Leu	RON	lei
Russian Federation, The	Russian Ruble	RUB	₽
Rwanda	Rwanda Franc	RWF
Saint Barthélemy	Euro	EUR	€
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan Da Cunha	Saint Helena Pound	SHP
Saint Kitts and Nevis	East Caribbean Dollar	XCD	$
Saint Lucia	East Caribbean Dollar	XCD	$
Saint Martin (French Part)	Euro	EUR	€
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Euro	EUR	€
Saint Vincent and The Grenadines	East Caribbean Dollar	XCD	$
Samoa	Tala	WST
San Marino	Euro	EUR	€
Sao Tome and Principe	Dobra	STN
Saudi Arabia	Saudi Riyal	SAR
Senegal	CFA Franc BCEAO	XOF
Serbia	Serbian Dinar	RSD
Seychelles	Seychelles Rupee	SCR
Sierra Leone	Leone	SLL
Singapore	Singapore Dollar	SGD	$
Sint Maarten (Dutch Part)	Netherlands Antillean Guilder	ANG
Sistema Unitario De Compensacion Regional De Pagos "Sucre"	Sucre	XSU
Slovakia	Euro	EUR	€
Slovenia	Euro	EUR	€
Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands Dollar	SBD	$
Somalia	Somali Shilling	SOS
South Africa	South African Rand	ZAR	R
South Georgia and The South Sandwich Islands	No universal currency
South Sudan	South Sudanese Pound	SSP
Spain	Euro	EUR	€
Sri Lanka	Sri Lankan Rupee	LKR	Rs
Sudan, The	Sudanese Pound	SDG
Suriname	Surinam Dollar	SRD	$
Svalbard and Jan Mayen	Norwegian Krone	NOK
Sweden	Swedish Krona	SEK	kr
Switzerland	Swiss Franc	CHF	CHf
Switzerland	WIR Euro	CHE
Switzerland	WIR Franc	CHW
Syrian Arab Republic	Syrian Pound	SYP
Taiwan	New Taiwan Dollar	TWD	$
Tajikistan	Somoni	TJS
Tanzania, United Republic of	Tanzanian Shilling	TZS
Thailand	Thai Baht	THB	฿
Timor-Leste	US Dollar	USD	$
Togo	CFA Franc BCEAO	XOF
Tokelau	New Zealand Dollar	NZD	$
Tonga	Pa’anga	TOP
Trinidad and Tobago	Trinidad and Tobago Dollar	TTD	$
Tunisia	Tunisian Dinar	TND
Turkey	Turkish Lira	TRY	₺
Turkmenistan	Turkmenistan New Manat	TMT
Turks and Caicos Islands, The	US Dollar	USD	$
Tuvalu	Australian Dollar	AUD	$
Uganda	Uganda Shilling	UGX
Ukraine	Ukrainian Hryvnia	UAH	₴
United Arab Emirates, The	UAE Dirham	AED	د.إ
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The	Pound Sterling	GBP	£
United States Minor Outlying Islands, The	US Dollar	USD	$
United States of America, The	US Dollar	USD	$
United States of America, The	US Dollar (Next day)	USN
Uruguay	Peso Uruguayo	UYU
Uruguay	Uruguay Peso en Unidades Indexadas (UI)	UYI
Uruguay	Unidad Previsional	UYW
Uzbekistan	Uzbekistan Sum	UZS
Vanuatu	Vatu	VUV
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of	Bolívar Soberano	VES
Vietnam	Vietnamese Dong	VND	₫
Virgin Islands (British)	US Dollar	USD	$
Virgin Islands (U.S.)	US Dollar	USD	$
Wallis and Futuna	CFP Franc	XPF
Western Sahara	Moroccan Dirham	MAD
Yemen	Yemeni Rial	YER
Zambia	Zambian Kwacha	ZMW
Zimbabwe	Zimbabwe Dollar	ZWL	$

Admin

Financial Markets

9 Jan 0

International Securities Identification Number (ISIN) Codes

The International Securities Identification Number (ISIN) is a unique identifier assigned to securities, such as stocks, bonds, or other financial instruments, to help standardise the identification of these instruments globally.

Purpose

- The ISIN code provides a unique identifier for a specific security, making it easier to track, trade, and settle securities internationally.
- It helps eliminate confusion between similar securities from different markets or companies.

Structure of an ISIN Code

An ISIN consists of 12 characters in total.
- Country Code (2 characters): This is the first two letters, based on the country of origin or the country where the issuer is based. For example, “US” for the United States, “GB” for the United Kingdom, or “DE” for Germany.
- Security Identifier (9 characters): This middle part is a unique alphanumeric code assigned to the security. It can include numbers and letters, and is issued by the relevant local or national securities authority or exchange.
- Check Digit (1 character): The last digit is a check digit calculated using the Luhn algorithm, which helps verify the integrity of the ISIN code.

For example, the ISIN for Apple Inc. stock might look like US0378331005:

- US: Country code (United States)
- 037833100: Security identifier for Apple Inc. stock
- 5: Check digit

Why ISIN Codes are Important

- Global Standardization: The ISIN provides a uniform way to identify securities across different markets and regions, helping to simplify global trading.
- Cross-border Trading: Since the ISIN is recognized internationally, it enables easier and more efficient cross-border transactions between investors, brokers, and exchanges.
- Settlement and Clearing: ISINs are used in the settlement and clearing process of securities, ensuring the right securities are exchanged between parties.
- Regulation: Regulatory bodies and institutions (like exchanges, clearing houses, and depositories) use ISINs to keep accurate records and monitor the securities market.

Who Assigns ISINs?

- ISINs are assigned by a National Numbering Agency (NNA) in each country. For instance, in the United States, the CUSIP Global Services is responsible for assigning ISINs, while in the United Kingdom, it’s the London Stock Exchange.
- The ISIN itself is generally created based on the local identifiers used in the country’s securities system, such as CUSIP numbers (in the U.S.) or SEDOL codes (in the UK).

Usage

- ISINs are used widely by investors, brokers, exchanges, and financial institutions for purposes like clearing trades, fund management, or checking the eligibility of securities for specific investment strategies.

Example:

ISIN for Microsoft Corporation: US5949181045
- US: United States
- 594918104: Unique identifier for Microsoft’s shares
- 5: Check digit

In summary, an ISIN is a globally recognized identifier for securities, designed to make international investment and trading more efficient and secure.

Complete ISIN Directory for ASX Listed Companies

International Securities Identification number (ISIN) Codes

Admin

Financial Markets

28 Dec 0

Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS)

Notes

Current as at 01/01/2020.
Jointly developed by S&P Dow Jones Indices & MSCI.

Communication Services
- - Media & Entertainment
    - Entertainment
    - Interactive Media & Services
    - Media
  - Telecommunication Services
    - Diversified Telecommunication Services
    - Wireless Telecommunication Services

Consumer Discretionary
- - Automobiles & Components
    - Auto Components
    - Automobiles
  - Consumer Durables & Apparel
    - Household Durables
    - Leisure Products
    - Textiles, Apparel & Luxury Goods
  - Consumer Services
    - Diversified Consumer Goods
    - Hotels, Restaurants & Leisure
  - Retailing
    - Distributors
    - Internet & Direct Marketing Retail
    - Multiline Retail
    - Specialty Retail

Consumer Staples
- - Food & Staples Retailing
    - Food & Staples Retailing
  - Food, Beverage & Tobacco
    - Beverages
    - Food Products
    - Tobacco
  - Household & Personal Products
    - Household Products
    - Personal Products

Energy
- - Energy
    - Energy Equipment & Services
    - Oil, Gas & Consumable Fuels

Financials
- - Banks
    - Banks
    - Thrifts & Mortgage Finance
  - Diversified Financials
    - Capital Markets
    - Consumer Finance
    - Diversified Financial Services
    - Mortgage Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITS)
  - Insurance
    - Insurance

Health Care
- - Healthcare Equipment & Services
    - Health Care Equipment & Supplies
    - Health Care Providers & Services
    - Health Care Technology
  - Pharmaceuticals, Biotechnology & Life Sciences
    - Biotechnology
    - Life Sciences Tools & Services
    - Pharmaceuticals

Industrials
- - Capital Goods
    - Aerospace & Defence
    - Building Products
    - Construction & Engineering
    - Electrical Equipment
    - Industrial Conglomerates
    - Machinery
    - Trading Companies & Distributors
  - Commercial & Professional Services
    - Commercial Services & Supplies
    - Professional Services
  - Transportation
    - Air Freight & Logistics
    - Airlines
    - Marine
    - Road & Rail
    - Transportation Infrastructure

Information Technology
- - Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment
    - Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment
  - Software & Services
    - IT Services
    - Software
  - Technology, Hardware & Equipment
    - Communications Equipment
    - Electronic Equipment, Instruments & Components
    - Technology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals

Materials
- - Materials
    - Chemicals
    - Construction Materials
    - Containers & Packaging
    - Metals & Mining
    - Paper & Forest Products

Real Estate
- - Real Estate
    - Equity Real Estate Investment Truste (REITS)
    - Real Estate Management & Development

Utilities
- - Utilities
    - Electric Utilities
    - Gas Utilities
    - Independent Power & Renewable Electricity Producers
    - Multi-Utilities
    - Water Utilities

Admin

Financial Markets

21 Dec 0

Capital Market

Notes

Medium to long term (1 ~ 30+ years).
Safe form of investment.
Low risk / low return.
Marketable.
Liquid

Instruments

Corporate Bonds.
Federal Agency Issues.
Inflation Protected Treasury Bonds (TIPS) – Real rate plus the principal adjusted up for inflation.
International Bonds.
- - Euro Bonds (outside country of issue).
  - Foreign Bonds (same country of issue) (i.e. BMW issue US$ bonds in US).
Mortgage Backed Securities.
Municipal Bonds.
US Treasury Bonds (T-Bonds) – 10+ years.
US Treasury Notes (T-Notes) – 1 ~ 10 years.

Admin

Financial Instruments, Financial Markets

16 Oct 0

Standard Orders

Amount Type

Quantity
Value

Order Types

There are primarily two types of orders placed on the market.

Market Orders
Limit Orders

Market Orders

Executes at the best available price on the market.
Focuses on speed of execution.
May convert to a limit order in the event that insufficient quantity exists at market price.

Market to Limit Orders

The order starts filling at market price. In the event that there is insufficient quantity available at market price, the order may convert to a limit order and remain in the market until fulfilled at that price.

Limit Orders

Executes at the price specified.

Price per Unit ($)

Only applicable to limit orders
Price you wish to buy or sell each unit.

Duration

Good For Day: The order will remain in the market until market closure on the day.
Good Till Cancelled: The order will remain in the market until such time as it is cancelled.
Good Till Date: The order will remain in the market until market closure of the specified date.

Admin

Financial Markets

21 Jul 0

Protected: Conditional Orders

Admin

Financial Markets

24 Feb 0

Equity Securities

Common Shares
Preference Shares
American Depository Receipts (ADRs)

Admin

Financial Instruments, Financial Markets

1 2

Financial Markets

Additional Forms of Risk Premiums

Key Points about Risk Premium

Example of Risk Premium

How Risk Premiums Affect Financial Markets

Risk Premium and the Unbiased Expectation Hypothesis (UEH)

Notes

S&P 500: A Detailed Explanation

1. What Is the S&P 500?

2. Components of the S&P 500:

3. How Is the S&P 500 Calculated?

4. Criteria for Inclusion in the S&P 500:

5. Why Is the S&P 500 Important?

a. Market Benchmark:

b. Diversification:

c. Widely Used in Investment Products:

d. Economic Indicator:

6. Performance of the S&P 500:

a. Total Return:

b. Historical Returns:

7. S&P 500 vs. Other Indices:

8. Investment in the S&P 500:

9. Advantages of Investing in the S&P 500:

a. Diversification:

b. Lower Costs:

c. Historical Performance:

10. Limitations of the S&P 500:

a. Market Capitalization Bias:

b. Does Not Include Small-Cap Stocks:

c. Lack of Global Exposure:

Conclusion:

Index

Purpose

Structure of an ISIN Code

Why ISIN Codes are Important

Who Assigns ISINs?

Usage

Complete ISIN Directory for ASX Listed Companies

Notes

Communication Services

Media & Entertainment

Telecommunication Services

Consumer Discretionary

Automobiles & Components

Consumer Durables & Apparel

Consumer Services

Retailing

Consumer Staples

Food & Staples Retailing

Food, Beverage & Tobacco

Household & Personal Products

Energy

Energy

Financials

Banks

Diversified Financials

Insurance

Health Care

Healthcare Equipment & Services

Pharmaceuticals, Biotechnology & Life Sciences

Industrials

Capital Goods

Commercial & Professional Services

Transportation

Information Technology

Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment

Software & Services

Technology, Hardware & Equipment

Materials

Materials

Real Estate

Real Estate

Utilities

Utilities

Notes

Instruments

Amount Type

Order Types

Market Orders

Market to Limit Orders