Author Archive Admin

Standard and Poor’s 500 (S&P 500) Index

 

Notes

  • Foundation: 04 March 1957
  • Operator: S&P Dow Jones Indices
  • Exchanges: New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), NASDAQ (NAS), Cboe BZX Exchange
  • Trading Symbol: ^GSPC
  • Constituents: 503
  • Type: Large-cap
  • Market Cap: US$42.4 trillion (Jan. 2022)
  • Weighting Method: Free-float capitalization-weighted
  • Website: www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/indices/equity/sp-500/

 

S&P 500: A Detailed Explanation

The S&P 500 (Standard & Poor’s 500) is one of the most widely recognized and followed stock market indices in the world. It represents the performance of 500 of the largest publicly traded companies in the United States. The index is considered a benchmark for the overall health of the U.S. stock market and is often used by investors to gauge the performance of the U.S. economy.

 


1. What Is the S&P 500?

The S&P 500 is a market-capitalization-weighted index, meaning the companies with the largest market values (stock price multiplied by shares outstanding) have the most influence on the index’s performance. It includes a diverse range of companies from various sectors of the economy, such as technology, healthcare, financials, energy, consumer goods, and more. It is designed to represent the broad U.S. stock market, making it a key gauge for investment professionals, economists, and analysts.

 


2. Components of the S&P 500:
  • 500 Companies: The S&P 500 index is made up of 500 large, publicly traded companies. The exact composition changes over time as companies are added or removed based on specific criteria.
  • Market Capitalization: The S&P 500 includes companies from different industries, but it is weighted by market capitalization. The largest companies, such as Apple, Microsoft, and Amazon, have a greater impact on the index’s performance compared to smaller companies.
  • Sector Representation: The S&P 500 covers 11 broad sectors of the economy:
    1. Information Technology
    2. Health Care
    3. Consumer Discretionary
    4. Financials
    5. Communication Services
    6. Industrials
    7. Consumer Staples
    8. Energy
    9. Utilities
    10. Real Estate
    11. Materials

 


3. How Is the S&P 500 Calculated?

The S&P 500 is a capitalization-weighted index, meaning the index is calculated by adding up the total market value (market capitalization) of all the companies in the index. This means that companies with a larger market capitalization have a bigger effect on the movement of the index than smaller companies.

Formula:

\text{S&P 500 Index} = \frac{\text{Sum of Market Capitalizations of All 500 Companies}}{\text{Index Divisor}}

  • Market Capitalization: This is calculated by multiplying the stock price of each company by the total number of shares outstanding.
  • Index Divisor: The divisor is a value used to maintain the continuity of the index over time, ensuring that changes such as stock splits, mergers, or new additions do not artificially distort the index’s value.

 


4. Criteria for Inclusion in the S&P 500:

To be included in the S&P 500, a company must meet several criteria:

  • Market Capitalization: The company must have a market capitalization of at least $14.6 billion (as of 2024).
  • Liquidity: The company must have adequate liquidity, meaning its stock should trade in large volumes.
  • Domicile: The company must be based in the United States.
  • Sector Representation: The company must fit into one of the sectors covered by the index.
  • Financial Viability: The company should have positive earnings in the most recent quarter and over the past four quarters.
  • Public Float: A significant portion of the company’s shares must be publicly available for trading (not closely held by insiders).

 


5. Why Is the S&P 500 Important?

The S&P 500 is considered one of the most important stock market indices for several reasons:

a. Market Benchmark:
  • The S&P 500 is often used as a benchmark to measure the performance of U.S. stocks. When people say “the market is up or down,” they are typically referring to the performance of the S&P 500.
b. Diversification:
  • The index covers a broad spectrum of industries and sectors, so it provides a diversified snapshot of the U.S. economy. Investors often use the S&P 500 as a proxy for the overall U.S. stock market.
c. Widely Used in Investment Products:
  • Many mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and index funds track the S&P 500. These products offer investors a way to invest in the broader U.S. market without needing to pick individual stocks.
d. Economic Indicator:
  • Because the S&P 500 includes 500 major companies from diverse sectors, it is considered a leading indicator of economic health. A strong performance in the index often reflects a growing economy, while a decline may indicate economic weakness.

 


6. Performance of the S&P 500:

The performance of the S&P 500 can be used to evaluate the health of the U.S. stock market over time. It’s important to note that the S&P 500 index is price-weighted, meaning its performance reflects the total return of the companies it includes, considering stock price movements and dividends.

a. Total Return:
  • The S&P 500 is often quoted in terms of both price return and total return. The price return reflects only the movement in the price of the stocks, while the total return also includes dividends reinvested.
b. Historical Returns:
  • Historically, the S&P 500 has provided an average annual return of around 7-10% after adjusting for inflation. However, this can vary greatly from year to year depending on economic conditions, market trends, and other factors.

 


7. S&P 500 vs. Other Indices:
  • Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA): The DJIA is another widely followed index, but it tracks only 30 large companies, compared to the 500 companies in the S&P 500. Additionally, the DJIA is price-weighted, while the S&P 500 is market-cap-weighted. This means that the S&P 500 provides a broader, more diverse picture of the market.
  • NASDAQ Composite: The NASDAQ Composite Index includes a large number of technology companies and is more heavily weighted towards the tech sector than the S&P 500. While the S&P 500 includes a broader range of industries, the NASDAQ is often seen as a technology-focused benchmark.

 


8. Investment in the S&P 500:

Many investors use the S&P 500 as a tool for building diversified portfolios. There are several ways to invest in the S&P 500:

  • Index Funds: These are mutual funds that aim to replicate the performance of the S&P 500 by holding the same stocks in the same proportions.
  • Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs): ETFs such as the SPDR S&P 500 ETF (SPY) track the performance of the index and can be bought and sold on stock exchanges like regular stocks.
  • Direct Investment: Although it’s more difficult for individual investors to directly invest in all 500 companies, they can buy shares in index funds or ETFs that do so.

 


9. Advantages of Investing in the S&P 500:
a. Diversification:
  • The S&P 500 provides exposure to a broad spectrum of the U.S. economy. By investing in it, an investor gains indirect exposure to multiple sectors, reducing the risk associated with individual stocks.
b. Lower Costs:
  • Index funds and ETFs that track the S&P 500 usually have lower fees than actively managed funds because they simply aim to replicate the performance of the index rather than picking individual stocks.
c. Historical Performance:
  • The S&P 500 has historically provided a good balance between risk and return, offering investors strong long-term returns, making it a popular choice for retirement accounts and long-term investing.

10. Limitations of the S&P 500:
a. Market Capitalization Bias:
  • Because the S&P 500 is market-cap-weighted, larger companies have a disproportionate impact on the performance of the index. For example, companies like Apple and Microsoft can heavily influence the index’s movement, potentially overshadowing smaller companies in the index.
b. Does Not Include Small-Cap Stocks:
  • While the S&P 500 includes large-cap companies, it does not provide exposure to small-cap or mid-cap companies, which may offer different growth opportunities.
c. Lack of Global Exposure:
  • The S&P 500 focuses on U.S.-based companies, so it does not offer direct exposure to international markets, which may be important for investors seeking global diversification.

 


Conclusion:

The S&P 500 is one of the most important and widely followed stock market indices, providing a broad representation of the performance of the largest U.S. companies. As a market-cap-weighted index, it reflects the collective health of the U.S. economy and is commonly used by investors to track overall market performance. Due to its broad diversification and historical performance, many investors use it as a core component of their investment strategy, especially for long-term growth.

 


 

Index

SymbolSecurityGICS SectorGICS Sub-Industry
AAgilent TechnologiesHealth CareLife Sciences Tools & Services
AAPLApple Inc.Information TechnologyTechnology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals
ABBVAbbVieHealth CareBiotechnology
ABNBAirbnbConsumer DiscretionaryHotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines
ABTAbbott LaboratoriesHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
ACGLArch Capital GroupFinancialsProperty & Casualty Insurance
ACNAccentureInformation TechnologyIT Consulting & Other Services
ADBEAdobe Inc.Information TechnologyApplication Software
ADIAnalog DevicesInformation TechnologySemiconductors
ADMArcher Daniels MidlandConsumer StaplesAgricultural Products & Services
ADPAutomatic Data ProcessingIndustrialsHuman Resource & Employment Services
ADSKAutodeskInformation TechnologyApplication Software
AEEAmerenUtilitiesMulti-Utilities
AEPAmerican Electric PowerUtilitiesElectric Utilities
AESAES CorporationUtilitiesIndependent Power Producers & Energy Traders
AFLAflacFinancialsLife & Health Insurance
AIGAmerican International GroupFinancialsMulti-line Insurance
AIZAssurantFinancialsMulti-line Insurance
AJGArthur J. Gallagher & Co.FinancialsInsurance Brokers
AKAMAkamai TechnologiesInformation TechnologyInternet Services & Infrastructure
ALBAlbemarle CorporationMaterialsSpecialty Chemicals
ALGNAlign TechnologyHealth CareHealth Care Supplies
ALLAllstateFinancialsProperty & Casualty Insurance
ALLEAllegionIndustrialsBuilding Products
AMATApplied MaterialsInformation TechnologySemiconductor Materials & Equipment
AMCRAmcorMaterialsPaper & Plastic Packaging Products & Materials
AMDAdvanced Micro DevicesInformation TechnologySemiconductors
AMEAmetekIndustrialsElectrical Components & Equipment
AMGNAmgenHealth CareBiotechnology
AMPAmeriprise FinancialFinancialsAsset Management & Custody Banks
AMTAmerican TowerReal EstateTelecom Tower REITs
AMTMAmentumIndustrialsDiversified Support Services
AMZNAmazonConsumer DiscretionaryBroadline Retail
ANETArista NetworksInformation TechnologyCommunications Equipment
ANSSAnsysInformation TechnologyApplication Software
AONAonFinancialsInsurance Brokers
AOSA. O. SmithIndustrialsBuilding Products
APAAPA CorporationEnergyOil & Gas Exploration & Production
APDAir ProductsMaterialsIndustrial Gases
APHAmphenolInformation TechnologyElectronic Components
APTVAptivConsumer DiscretionaryAutomotive Parts & Equipment
AREAlexandria Real Estate EquitiesReal EstateOffice REITs
ATOAtmos EnergyUtilitiesGas Utilities
AVBAvalonBay CommunitiesReal EstateMulti-Family Residential REITs
AVGOBroadcomInformation TechnologySemiconductors
AVYAvery DennisonMaterialsPaper & Plastic Packaging Products & Materials
AWKAmerican Water WorksUtilitiesWater Utilities
AXONAxon EnterpriseIndustrialsAerospace & Defense
AXPAmerican ExpressFinancialsConsumer Finance
AZOAutoZoneConsumer DiscretionaryAutomotive Retail
BABoeingIndustrialsAerospace & Defense
BACBank of AmericaFinancialsDiversified Banks
BALLBall CorporationMaterialsMetal, Glass & Plastic Containers
BAXBaxter InternationalHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
BBYBest BuyConsumer DiscretionaryComputer & Electronics Retail
BDXBecton DickinsonHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
BENFranklin ResourcesFinancialsAsset Management & Custody Banks
BF.BBrown–FormanConsumer StaplesDistillers & Vintners
BGBunge GlobalConsumer StaplesAgricultural Products & Services
BIIBBiogenHealth CareBiotechnology
BKBNY MellonFinancialsAsset Management & Custody Banks
BKNGBooking HoldingsConsumer DiscretionaryHotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines
BKRBaker HughesEnergyOil & Gas Equipment & Services
BLDRBuilders FirstSourceIndustrialsBuilding Products
BLKBlackRockFinancialsAsset Management & Custody Banks
BMYBristol Myers SquibbHealth CarePharmaceuticals
BRBroadridge Financial SolutionsIndustrialsData Processing & Outsourced Services
BRK.BBerkshire HathawayFinancialsMulti-Sector Holdings
BROBrown & BrownFinancialsInsurance Brokers
BSXBoston ScientificHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
BWABorgWarnerConsumer DiscretionaryAutomotive Parts & Equipment
BXBlackstone Inc.FinancialsAsset Management & Custody Banks
BXPBXP, Inc.Real EstateOffice REITs
CCitigroupFinancialsDiversified Banks
CAGConagra BrandsConsumer StaplesPackaged Foods & Meats
CAHCardinal HealthHealth CareHealth Care Distributors
CARRCarrier GlobalIndustrialsBuilding Products
CATCaterpillar Inc.IndustrialsConstruction Machinery & Heavy Transportation Equipment
CBChubb LimitedFinancialsProperty & Casualty Insurance
CBOECboe Global MarketsFinancialsFinancial Exchanges & Data
CBRECBRE GroupReal EstateReal Estate Services
CCICrown CastleReal EstateTelecom Tower REITs
CCLCarnivalConsumer DiscretionaryHotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines
CDNSCadence Design SystemsInformation TechnologyApplication Software
CDWCDWInformation TechnologyTechnology Distributors
CECelaneseMaterialsSpecialty Chemicals
CEGConstellation EnergyUtilitiesElectric Utilities
CFCF IndustriesMaterialsFertilizers & Agricultural Chemicals
CFGCitizens Financial GroupFinancialsRegional Banks
CHDChurch & DwightConsumer StaplesHousehold Products
CHRWC.H. RobinsonIndustrialsAir Freight & Logistics
CHTRCharter CommunicationsCommunication ServicesCable & Satellite
CICignaHealth CareHealth Care Services
CINFCincinnati FinancialFinancialsProperty & Casualty Insurance
CLColgate-PalmoliveConsumer StaplesHousehold Products
CLXCloroxConsumer StaplesHousehold Products
CMCSAComcastCommunication ServicesCable & Satellite
CMECME GroupFinancialsFinancial Exchanges & Data
CMGChipotle Mexican GrillConsumer DiscretionaryRestaurants
CMICumminsIndustrialsConstruction Machinery & Heavy Transportation Equipment
CMSCMS EnergyUtilitiesMulti-Utilities
CNCCentene CorporationHealth CareManaged Health Care
CNPCenterPoint EnergyUtilitiesMulti-Utilities
COFCapital OneFinancialsConsumer Finance
COOCooper Companies (The)Health CareHealth Care Supplies
COPConocoPhillipsEnergyOil & Gas Exploration & Production
CORCencoraHealth CareHealth Care Distributors
COSTCostcoConsumer StaplesConsumer Staples Merchandise Retail
CPAYCorpayFinancialsTransaction & Payment Processing Services
CPBCampbell Soup CompanyConsumer StaplesPackaged Foods & Meats
CPRTCopartIndustrialsDiversified Support Services
CPTCamden Property TrustReal EstateMulti-Family Residential REITs
CRLCharles River LaboratoriesHealth CareLife Sciences Tools & Services
CRMSalesforceInformation TechnologyApplication Software
CRWDCrowdStrikeInformation TechnologySystems Software
CSCOCiscoInformation TechnologyCommunications Equipment
CSGPCoStar GroupReal EstateReal Estate Services
CSXCSX CorporationIndustrialsRail Transportation
CTASCintasIndustrialsDiversified Support Services
CTLTCatalentHealth CarePharmaceuticals
CTRACoterraEnergyOil & Gas Exploration & Production
CTSHCognizantInformation TechnologyIT Consulting & Other Services
CTVACortevaMaterialsFertilizers & Agricultural Chemicals
CVSCVS HealthHealth CareHealth Care Services
CVXChevron CorporationEnergyIntegrated Oil & Gas
CZRCaesars EntertainmentConsumer DiscretionaryCasinos & Gaming
DDominion EnergyUtilitiesMulti-Utilities
DALDelta Air LinesIndustrialsPassenger Airlines
DAYDayforceIndustrialsHuman Resource & Employment Services
DDDuPontMaterialsSpecialty Chemicals
DEDeere & CompanyIndustrialsAgricultural & Farm Machinery
DECKDeckers BrandsConsumer DiscretionaryFootwear
DELLDell TechnologiesInformation TechnologyTechnology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals
DFSDiscover FinancialFinancialsConsumer Finance
DGDollar GeneralConsumer StaplesConsumer Staples Merchandise Retail
DGXQuest DiagnosticsHealth CareHealth Care Services
DHID. R. HortonConsumer DiscretionaryHomebuilding
DHRDanaher CorporationHealth CareLife Sciences Tools & Services
DISWalt Disney Company (The)Communication ServicesMovies & Entertainment
DLRDigital RealtyReal EstateData Center REITs
DLTRDollar TreeConsumer StaplesConsumer Staples Merchandise Retail
DOCHealthpeak PropertiesReal EstateHealth Care REITs
DOVDover CorporationIndustrialsIndustrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
DOWDow Inc.MaterialsCommodity Chemicals
DPZDomino'sConsumer DiscretionaryRestaurants
DRIDarden RestaurantsConsumer DiscretionaryRestaurants
DTEDTE EnergyUtilitiesMulti-Utilities
DUKDuke EnergyUtilitiesElectric Utilities
DVADaVitaHealth CareHealth Care Services
DVNDevon EnergyEnergyOil & Gas Exploration & Production
DXCMDexcomHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
EAElectronic ArtsCommunication ServicesInteractive Home Entertainment
EBAYeBayConsumer DiscretionaryBroadline Retail
ECLEcolabMaterialsSpecialty Chemicals
EDConsolidated EdisonUtilitiesMulti-Utilities
EFXEquifaxIndustrialsResearch & Consulting Services
EGEverest GroupFinancialsReinsurance
EIXEdison InternationalUtilitiesElectric Utilities
ELEstée Lauder Companies (The)Consumer StaplesPersonal Care Products
ELVElevance HealthHealth CareManaged Health Care
EMNEastman Chemical CompanyMaterialsSpecialty Chemicals
EMREmerson ElectricIndustrialsElectrical Components & Equipment
ENPHEnphase EnergyInformation TechnologySemiconductor Materials & Equipment
EOGEOG ResourcesEnergyOil & Gas Exploration & Production
EPAMEPAM SystemsInformation TechnologyIT Consulting & Other Services
EQIXEquinixReal EstateData Center REITs
EQREquity ResidentialReal EstateMulti-Family Residential REITs
EQTEQT CorporationEnergyOil & Gas Exploration & Production
ERIEErie IndemnityFinancialsInsurance Brokers
ESEversource EnergyUtilitiesElectric Utilities
ESSEssex Property TrustReal EstateMulti-Family Residential REITs
ETNEaton CorporationIndustrialsElectrical Components & Equipment
ETREntergyUtilitiesElectric Utilities
EVRGEvergyUtilitiesElectric Utilities
EWEdwards LifesciencesHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
EXCExelonUtilitiesElectric Utilities
EXPDExpeditors InternationalIndustrialsAir Freight & Logistics
EXPEExpedia GroupConsumer DiscretionaryHotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines
EXRExtra Space StorageReal EstateSelf-Storage REITs
FFord Motor CompanyConsumer DiscretionaryAutomobile Manufacturers
FANGDiamondback EnergyEnergyOil & Gas Exploration & Production
FASTFastenalIndustrialsTrading Companies & Distributors
FCXFreeport-McMoRanMaterialsCopper
FDSFactSetFinancialsFinancial Exchanges & Data
FDXFedExIndustrialsAir Freight & Logistics
FEFirstEnergyUtilitiesElectric Utilities
FFIVF5, Inc.Information TechnologyCommunications Equipment
FIFiservFinancialsTransaction & Payment Processing Services
FICOFair IsaacInformation TechnologyApplication Software
FISFidelity National Information ServicesFinancialsTransaction & Payment Processing Services
FITBFifth Third BancorpFinancialsRegional Banks
FMCFMC CorporationMaterialsFertilizers & Agricultural Chemicals
FOXFox Corporation (Class B)Communication ServicesBroadcasting
FOXAFox Corporation (Class A)Communication ServicesBroadcasting
FRTFederal Realty Investment TrustReal EstateRetail REITs
FSLRFirst SolarInformation TechnologySemiconductors
FTNTFortinetInformation TechnologySystems Software
FTVFortiveIndustrialsIndustrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
GDGeneral DynamicsIndustrialsAerospace & Defense
GDDYGoDaddyInformation TechnologyInternet Services & Infrastructure
GEGE AerospaceIndustrialsAerospace & Defense
GEHCGE HealthCareHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
GENGen DigitalInformation TechnologySystems Software
GEVGE VernovaIndustrialsHeavy Electrical Equipment
GILDGilead SciencesHealth CareBiotechnology
GISGeneral MillsConsumer StaplesPackaged Foods & Meats
GLGlobe LifeFinancialsLife & Health Insurance
GLWCorning Inc.Information TechnologyElectronic Components
GMGeneral MotorsConsumer DiscretionaryAutomobile Manufacturers
GNRCGeneracIndustrialsElectrical Components & Equipment
GOOGAlphabet Inc. (Class C)Communication ServicesInteractive Media & Services
GOOGLAlphabet Inc. (Class A)Communication ServicesInteractive Media & Services
GPCGenuine Parts CompanyConsumer DiscretionaryDistributors
GPNGlobal PaymentsFinancialsTransaction & Payment Processing Services
GRMNGarminConsumer DiscretionaryConsumer Electronics
GSGoldman SachsFinancialsInvestment Banking & Brokerage
GWWW. W. GraingerIndustrialsIndustrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
HALHalliburtonEnergyOil & Gas Equipment & Services
HASHasbroConsumer DiscretionaryLeisure Products
HBANHuntington BancsharesFinancialsRegional Banks
HCAHCA HealthcareHealth CareHealth Care Facilities
HDHome Depot (The)Consumer DiscretionaryHome Improvement Retail
HESHess CorporationEnergyIntegrated Oil & Gas
HIGHartford (The)FinancialsProperty & Casualty Insurance
HIIHuntington Ingalls IndustriesIndustrialsAerospace & Defense
HLTHilton WorldwideConsumer DiscretionaryHotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines
HOLXHologicHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
HONHoneywellIndustrialsIndustrial Conglomerates
HPEHewlett Packard EnterpriseInformation TechnologyTechnology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals
HPQHP Inc.Information TechnologyTechnology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals
HRLHormel FoodsConsumer StaplesPackaged Foods & Meats
HSICHenry ScheinHealth CareHealth Care Distributors
HSTHost Hotels & ResortsReal EstateHotel & Resort REITs
HSYHershey Company (The)Consumer StaplesPackaged Foods & Meats
HUBBHubbell IncorporatedIndustrialsIndustrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
HUMHumanaHealth CareManaged Health Care
HWMHowmet AerospaceIndustrialsAerospace & Defense
IBMIBMInformation TechnologyIT Consulting & Other Services
ICEIntercontinental ExchangeFinancialsFinancial Exchanges & Data
IDXXIdexx LaboratoriesHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
IEXIDEX CorporationIndustrialsIndustrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
IFFInternational Flavors & FragrancesMaterialsSpecialty Chemicals
INCYIncyteHealth CareBiotechnology
INTCIntelInformation TechnologySemiconductors
INTUIntuitInformation TechnologyApplication Software
INVHInvitation HomesReal EstateSingle-Family Residential REITs
IPInternational PaperMaterialsPaper & Plastic Packaging Products & Materials
IPGInterpublic Group of Companies (The)Communication ServicesAdvertising
IQVIQVIAHealth CareLife Sciences Tools & Services
IRIngersoll RandIndustrialsIndustrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
IRMIron MountainReal EstateOther Specialized REITs
ISRGIntuitive SurgicalHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
ITGartnerInformation TechnologyIT Consulting & Other Services
ITWIllinois Tool WorksIndustrialsIndustrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
IVZInvescoFinancialsAsset Management & Custody Banks
JJacobs SolutionsIndustrialsConstruction & Engineering
JBHTJ.B. HuntIndustrialsCargo Ground Transportation
JBLJabilInformation TechnologyElectronic Manufacturing Services
JCIJohnson ControlsIndustrialsBuilding Products
JKHYJack Henry & AssociatesFinancialsTransaction & Payment Processing Services
JNJJohnson & JohnsonHealth CarePharmaceuticals
JNPRJuniper NetworksInformation TechnologyCommunications Equipment
JPMJPMorgan ChaseFinancialsDiversified Banks
KKellanovaConsumer StaplesPackaged Foods & Meats
KDPKeurig Dr PepperConsumer StaplesSoft Drinks & Non-alcoholic Beverages
KEYKeyCorpFinancialsRegional Banks
KEYSKeysight TechnologiesInformation TechnologyElectronic Equipment & Instruments
KHCKraft HeinzConsumer StaplesPackaged Foods & Meats
KIMKimco RealtyReal EstateRetail REITs
KKRKKRFinancialsAsset Management & Custody Banks
KLACKLA CorporationInformation TechnologySemiconductor Materials & Equipment
KMBKimberly-ClarkConsumer StaplesHousehold Products
KMIKinder MorganEnergyOil & Gas Storage & Transportation
KMXCarMaxConsumer DiscretionaryAutomotive Retail
KOCoca-Cola Company (The)Consumer StaplesSoft Drinks & Non-alcoholic Beverages
KRKrogerConsumer StaplesFood Retail
KVUEKenvueConsumer StaplesPersonal Care Products
LLoews CorporationFinancialsMulti-line Insurance
LDOSLeidosIndustrialsDiversified Support Services
LENLennarConsumer DiscretionaryHomebuilding
LHLabCorpHealth CareHealth Care Services
LHXL3HarrisIndustrialsAerospace & Defense
LINLinde plcMaterialsIndustrial Gases
LKQLKQ CorporationConsumer DiscretionaryDistributors
LLYLilly (Eli)Health CarePharmaceuticals
LMTLockheed MartinIndustrialsAerospace & Defense
LNTAlliant EnergyUtilitiesElectric Utilities
LOWLowe'sConsumer DiscretionaryHome Improvement Retail
LRCXLam ResearchInformation TechnologySemiconductor Materials & Equipment
LULULululemon AthleticaConsumer DiscretionaryApparel, Accessories & Luxury Goods
LUVSouthwest AirlinesIndustrialsPassenger Airlines
LVSLas Vegas SandsConsumer DiscretionaryCasinos & Gaming
LWLamb WestonConsumer StaplesPackaged Foods & Meats
LYBLyondellBasellMaterialsSpecialty Chemicals
LYVLive Nation EntertainmentCommunication ServicesMovies & Entertainment
MAMastercardFinancialsTransaction & Payment Processing Services
MAAMid-America Apartment CommunitiesReal EstateMulti-Family Residential REITs
MARMarriott InternationalConsumer DiscretionaryHotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines
MASMascoIndustrialsBuilding Products
MCDMcDonald'sConsumer DiscretionaryRestaurants
MCHPMicrochip TechnologyInformation TechnologySemiconductors
MCKMcKesson CorporationHealth CareHealth Care Distributors
MCOMoody's CorporationFinancialsFinancial Exchanges & Data
MDLZMondelez InternationalConsumer StaplesPackaged Foods & Meats
MDTMedtronicHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
METMetLifeFinancialsLife & Health Insurance
METAMeta PlatformsCommunication ServicesInteractive Media & Services
MGMMGM ResortsConsumer DiscretionaryCasinos & Gaming
MHKMohawk IndustriesConsumer DiscretionaryHome Furnishings
MKCMcCormick & CompanyConsumer StaplesPackaged Foods & Meats
MKTXMarketAxessFinancialsFinancial Exchanges & Data
MLMMartin Marietta MaterialsMaterialsConstruction Materials
MMCMarsh McLennanFinancialsInsurance Brokers
MMM3MIndustrialsIndustrial Conglomerates
MNSTMonster BeverageConsumer StaplesSoft Drinks & Non-alcoholic Beverages
MOAltriaConsumer StaplesTobacco
MOHMolina HealthcareHealth CareManaged Health Care
MOSMosaic Company (The)MaterialsFertilizers & Agricultural Chemicals
MPCMarathon PetroleumEnergyOil & Gas Refining & Marketing
MPWRMonolithic Power SystemsInformation TechnologySemiconductors
MRKMerck & Co.Health CarePharmaceuticals
MRNAModernaHealth CareBiotechnology
MSMorgan StanleyFinancialsInvestment Banking & Brokerage
MSCIMSCIFinancialsFinancial Exchanges & Data
MSFTMicrosoftInformation TechnologySystems Software
MSIMotorola SolutionsInformation TechnologyCommunications Equipment
MTBM&T BankFinancialsRegional Banks
MTCHMatch GroupCommunication ServicesInteractive Media & Services
MTDMettler ToledoHealth CareLife Sciences Tools & Services
MUMicron TechnologyInformation TechnologySemiconductors
NCLHNorwegian Cruise Line HoldingsConsumer DiscretionaryHotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines
NDAQNasdaq, Inc.FinancialsFinancial Exchanges & Data
NDSNNordson CorporationIndustrialsIndustrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
NEENextEra EnergyUtilitiesMulti-Utilities
NEMNewmontMaterialsGold
NFLXNetflixCommunication ServicesMovies & Entertainment
NINiSourceUtilitiesMulti-Utilities
NKENike, Inc.Consumer DiscretionaryApparel, Accessories & Luxury Goods
NOCNorthrop GrummanIndustrialsAerospace & Defense
NOWServiceNowInformation TechnologySystems Software
NRGNRG EnergyUtilitiesIndependent Power Producers & Energy Traders
NSCNorfolk Southern RailwayIndustrialsRail Transportation
NTAPNetAppInformation TechnologyTechnology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals
NTRSNorthern TrustFinancialsAsset Management & Custody Banks
NUENucorMaterialsSteel
NVDANvidiaInformation TechnologySemiconductors
NVRNVR, Inc.Consumer DiscretionaryHomebuilding
NWSNews Corp (Class B)Communication ServicesPublishing
NWSANews Corp (Class A)Communication ServicesPublishing
NXPINXP SemiconductorsInformation TechnologySemiconductors
ORealty IncomeReal EstateRetail REITs
ODFLOld DominionIndustrialsCargo Ground Transportation
OKEONEOKEnergyOil & Gas Storage & Transportation
OMCOmnicom GroupCommunication ServicesAdvertising
ONON SemiconductorInformation TechnologySemiconductors
ORCLOracle CorporationInformation TechnologyApplication Software
ORLYO'Reilly Auto PartsConsumer DiscretionaryAutomotive Retail
OTISOtis WorldwideIndustrialsIndustrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
OXYOccidental PetroleumEnergyOil & Gas Exploration & Production
PANWPalo Alto NetworksInformation TechnologySystems Software
PARAParamount GlobalCommunication ServicesMovies & Entertainment
PAYCPaycomIndustrialsHuman Resource & Employment Services
PAYXPaychexIndustrialsHuman Resource & Employment Services
PCARPaccarIndustrialsConstruction Machinery & Heavy Transportation Equipment
PCGPG&E CorporationUtilitiesMulti-Utilities
PEGPublic Service Enterprise GroupUtilitiesElectric Utilities
PEPPepsiCoConsumer StaplesSoft Drinks & Non-alcoholic Beverages
PFEPfizerHealth CarePharmaceuticals
PFGPrincipal Financial GroupFinancialsLife & Health Insurance
PGProcter & GambleConsumer StaplesPersonal Care Products
PGRProgressive CorporationFinancialsProperty & Casualty Insurance
PHParker HannifinIndustrialsIndustrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
PHMPulteGroupConsumer DiscretionaryHomebuilding
PKGPackaging Corporation of AmericaMaterialsPaper & Plastic Packaging Products & Materials
PLDPrologisReal EstateIndustrial REITs
PLTRPalantir TechnologiesInformation TechnologyInternet Services & Infrastructure
PMPhilip Morris InternationalConsumer StaplesTobacco
PNCPNC Financial ServicesFinancialsDiversified Banks
PNRPentairIndustrialsIndustrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
PNWPinnacle WestUtilitiesMulti-Utilities
PODDInsulet CorporationHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
POOLPool CorporationConsumer DiscretionaryDistributors
PPGPPG IndustriesMaterialsSpecialty Chemicals
PPLPPL CorporationUtilitiesElectric Utilities
PRUPrudential FinancialFinancialsLife & Health Insurance
PSAPublic StorageReal EstateSelf-Storage REITs
PSXPhillips 66EnergyOil & Gas Refining & Marketing
PTCPTC Inc.Information TechnologyApplication Software
PWRQuanta ServicesIndustrialsConstruction & Engineering
PYPLPayPalFinancialsTransaction & Payment Processing Services
QCOMQualcommInformation TechnologySemiconductors
QRVOQorvoInformation TechnologySemiconductors
RCLRoyal Caribbean GroupConsumer DiscretionaryHotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines
REGRegency CentersReal EstateRetail REITs
REGNRegeneron PharmaceuticalsHealth CareBiotechnology
RFRegions Financial CorporationFinancialsRegional Banks
RJFRaymond James FinancialFinancialsInvestment Banking & Brokerage
RLRalph Lauren CorporationConsumer DiscretionaryApparel, Accessories & Luxury Goods
RMDResMedHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
ROKRockwell AutomationIndustrialsElectrical Components & Equipment
ROLRollins, Inc.IndustrialsEnvironmental & Facilities Services
ROPRoper TechnologiesInformation TechnologyElectronic Equipment & Instruments
ROSTRoss StoresConsumer DiscretionaryApparel Retail
RSGRepublic ServicesIndustrialsEnvironmental & Facilities Services
RTXRTX CorporationIndustrialsAerospace & Defense
RVTYRevvityHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
SBACSBA CommunicationsReal EstateTelecom Tower REITs
SBUXStarbucksConsumer DiscretionaryRestaurants
SCHWCharles Schwab CorporationFinancialsInvestment Banking & Brokerage
SHWSherwin-WilliamsMaterialsSpecialty Chemicals
SJMJ.M. Smucker Company (The)Consumer StaplesPackaged Foods & Meats
SLBSchlumbergerEnergyOil & Gas Equipment & Services
SMCISupermicroInformation TechnologyTechnology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals
SNASnap-onIndustrialsIndustrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
SNPSSynopsysInformation TechnologyApplication Software
SOSouthern CompanyUtilitiesElectric Utilities
SOLVSolventumHealth CareHealth Care Technology
SPGSimon Property GroupReal EstateRetail REITs
SPGIS&P GlobalFinancialsFinancial Exchanges & Data
SRESempraUtilitiesMulti-Utilities
STESterisHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
STLDSteel DynamicsMaterialsSteel
STTState Street CorporationFinancialsAsset Management & Custody Banks
STXSeagate TechnologyInformation TechnologyTechnology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals
STZConstellation BrandsConsumer StaplesDistillers & Vintners
SWSmurfit WestRockMaterialsPaper & Plastic Packaging Products & Materials
SWKStanley Black & DeckerIndustrialsIndustrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
SWKSSkyworks SolutionsInformation TechnologySemiconductors
SYFSynchrony FinancialFinancialsConsumer Finance
SYKStryker CorporationHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
SYYSyscoConsumer StaplesFood Distributors
TAT&TCommunication ServicesIntegrated Telecommunication Services
TAPMolson Coors Beverage CompanyConsumer StaplesBrewers
TDGTransDigm GroupIndustrialsAerospace & Defense
TDYTeledyne TechnologiesInformation TechnologyElectronic Equipment & Instruments
TECHBio-TechneHealth CareLife Sciences Tools & Services
TELTE ConnectivityInformation TechnologyElectronic Manufacturing Services
TERTeradyneInformation TechnologySemiconductor Materials & Equipment
TFCTruist FinancialFinancialsDiversified Banks
TFXTeleflexHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
TGTTarget CorporationConsumer StaplesConsumer Staples Merchandise Retail
TJXTJX CompaniesConsumer DiscretionaryApparel Retail
TMOThermo Fisher ScientificHealth CareLife Sciences Tools & Services
TMUST-Mobile USCommunication ServicesWireless Telecommunication Services
TPLTexas Pacific Land CorporationEnergyOil & Gas Exploration & Production
TPRTapestry, Inc.Consumer DiscretionaryApparel, Accessories & Luxury Goods
TRGPTarga ResourcesEnergyOil & Gas Storage & Transportation
TRMBTrimble Inc.Information TechnologyElectronic Equipment & Instruments
TROWT. Rowe PriceFinancialsAsset Management & Custody Banks
TRVTravelers Companies (The)FinancialsProperty & Casualty Insurance
TSCOTractor SupplyConsumer DiscretionaryOther Specialty Retail
TSLATesla, Inc.Consumer DiscretionaryAutomobile Manufacturers
TSNTyson FoodsConsumer StaplesPackaged Foods & Meats
TTTrane TechnologiesIndustrialsBuilding Products
TTWOTake-Two InteractiveCommunication ServicesInteractive Home Entertainment
TXNTexas InstrumentsInformation TechnologySemiconductors
TXTTextronIndustrialsAerospace & Defense
TYLTyler TechnologiesInformation TechnologyApplication Software
UALUnited Airlines HoldingsIndustrialsPassenger Airlines
UBERUberIndustrialsPassenger Ground Transportation
UDRUDR, Inc.Real EstateMulti-Family Residential REITs
UHSUniversal Health ServicesHealth CareHealth Care Facilities
ULTAUlta BeautyConsumer DiscretionaryOther Specialty Retail
UNHUnitedHealth GroupHealth CareManaged Health Care
UNPUnion Pacific CorporationIndustrialsRail Transportation
UPSUnited Parcel ServiceIndustrialsAir Freight & Logistics
URIUnited RentalsIndustrialsTrading Companies & Distributors
USBU.S. BancorpFinancialsDiversified Banks
VVisa Inc.FinancialsTransaction & Payment Processing Services
VICIVici PropertiesReal EstateHotel & Resort REITs
VLOValero EnergyEnergyOil & Gas Refining & Marketing
VLTOVeraltoIndustrialsEnvironmental & Facilities Services
VMCVulcan Materials CompanyMaterialsConstruction Materials
VRSKVerisk AnalyticsIndustrialsResearch & Consulting Services
VRSNVerisignInformation TechnologyInternet Services & Infrastructure
VRTXVertex PharmaceuticalsHealth CareBiotechnology
VSTVistra Corp.UtilitiesElectric Utilities
VTRVentasReal EstateHealth Care REITs
VTRSViatrisHealth CarePharmaceuticals
VZVerizonCommunication ServicesIntegrated Telecommunication Services
WABWabtecIndustrialsConstruction Machinery & Heavy Transportation Equipment
WATWaters CorporationHealth CareLife Sciences Tools & Services
WBAWalgreens Boots AllianceConsumer StaplesDrug Retail
WBDWarner Bros. DiscoveryCommunication ServicesBroadcasting
WDCWestern DigitalInformation TechnologyTechnology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals
WECWEC Energy GroupUtilitiesElectric Utilities
WELLWelltowerReal EstateHealth Care REITs
WFCWells FargoFinancialsDiversified Banks
WMWaste ManagementIndustrialsEnvironmental & Facilities Services
WMBWilliams CompaniesEnergyOil & Gas Storage & Transportation
WMTWalmartConsumer StaplesConsumer Staples Merchandise Retail
WRBW. R. Berkley CorporationFinancialsProperty & Casualty Insurance
WSTWest Pharmaceutical ServicesHealth CareHealth Care Supplies
WTWWillis Towers WatsonFinancialsInsurance Brokers
WYWeyerhaeuserReal EstateTimber REITs
WYNNWynn ResortsConsumer DiscretionaryCasinos & Gaming
XELXcel EnergyUtilitiesMulti-Utilities
XOMExxonMobilEnergyIntegrated Oil & Gas
XYLXylem Inc.IndustrialsIndustrial Machinery & Supplies & Components
YUMYum! BrandsConsumer DiscretionaryRestaurants
ZBHZimmer BiometHealth CareHealth Care Equipment
ZBRAZebra TechnologiesInformation TechnologyElectronic Equipment & Instruments
ZTSZoetisHealth CarePharmaceuticals

 

ASX Listed Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs)

 

ExchangeIssuerAsset ClassCodeFund Name
ASXAirlie Funds ManagementAustralian SharesAASFAirlie Australian Share Fund
ASXApostleADEFApostle Dundas Global Equity Fund - Class D Units (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesActiveBNDSWestern Asset Australian Bond Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesActiveEINCMartin Currie Equity Income Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesActiveEMMGMartin Currie Emerging Markets Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesActiveHBRDActive Australian Hybrids Fund
ASXBetaSharesActiveRINCMartin Currie Real Income Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesA200Australia 200 ETF
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesAQLTAustralian Quality ETF
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesATECS&P/ASX Australian Technology ETF
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesAUSTManaged Risk Australian Share Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesBBOZAustralian Equities Strong Bear Hedge Fund
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesBEARAustralian Equities Bear Hedge Fund
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesEINCMartin Currie Equity Income Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesEX20Australian Ex-20 Portfolio Diversifier ETF
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesFAIRAustralian Sustainability Leaders ETF
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesGEARGeared Australian Equity Fund (Hedge Fund)
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesHVSTAustralian Dividend Harvester Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesQFNAustralian Financials Sector ETF
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesQOZFTSE RAFI Australia 200 ETF
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesQREAustralian Resources Sector ETF
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesRINCMartin Currie Real Income Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesSMLLAustralian Small Companies Select Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesAustralian SharesYMAXAustralian Top 20 Equity Yield Maximiser Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesCash & Fixed IncomeAAAAustralian High Interest Cash ETF
ASXBetaSharesCash & Fixed IncomeAGVTAustralian Government Bond ETF
ASXBetaSharesCash & Fixed IncomeBNDSWestern Asset Australian Bond Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesCash & Fixed IncomeCREDAustralian Investment Grade Corporate Bond ETF
ASXBetaSharesCash & Fixed IncomeGBNDSustainability Leaders Diversified Bond ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesCash & Fixed IncomeGGOVGlobal Government Bond 20+ Year ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesCash & Fixed IncomeOZBDAustralian Composite Bond ETF
ASXBetaSharesCash & Fixed IncomeQPONAustralian Bank Senior Floating Rate Bond ETF
ASXBetaSharesCommoditiesOOOCrude Oil Index ETF - Currency Hedged (Synthetic)
ASXBetaSharesCommoditiesQAUGold Bullion ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesCurrencyAUDSStrong Australian Dollar Fund (Hedge Fund)
ASXBetaSharesCurrencyEEUEuro ETF
ASXBetaSharesCurrencyPOUBritish Pound ETF
ASXBetaSharesCurrencyUSDU.S. Dollar ETF
ASXBetaSharesCurrencyYANKStrong U.S. Dollar Fund (Hedge Fund)
ASXBetaSharesDigital AssetsCRYPCrypto Innovators ETF
ASXBetaSharesDiversifiedDBBFEthical Diversified Balanced ETF
ASXBetaSharesDiversifiedDGGFEthical Diversified Growth ETF
ASXBetaSharesDiversifiedDHHFDiversified All Growth ETF
ASXBetaSharesDiversifiedDZZFEthical Diversified High Growth ETF
ASXBetaSharesEquity IncomeEINCMartin Currie Equity Income Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesEquity IncomeHVSTAustralian Dividend Harvester Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesEquity IncomeINCMGlobal Income Leaders ETF
ASXBetaSharesEquity IncomeRINCMartin Currie Real Income Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesEquity IncomeUMAXS&P 500 Yield Maximiser Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesEquity IncomeYMAXAustralian Top 20 Equity Yield Maximiser Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesEthicalDBBFEthical Diversified Balanced ETF
ASXBetaSharesEthicalDGGFEthical Diversified Growth ETF
ASXBetaSharesEthicalDZZFEthical Diversified High Growth ETF
ASXBetaSharesEthicalERTHClimate Change Innovation ETF
ASXBetaSharesEthicalETHIGlobal Sustainability Leaders ETF
ASXBetaSharesEthicalFAIRAustralian Sustainability Leaders ETF
ASXBetaSharesEthicalGBNDSustainability Leaders Diversified Bond ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesEthicalHETHGlobal Sustainability Leaders ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesGlobal SectorsBNKSGlobal Banks ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesGlobal SectorsDRUGGlobal Healthcare ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesGlobal SectorsFUELGlobal Energy Companies ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesGlobal SectorsMNRSGlobal Gold Miners ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesHybridsBHYBAustralian Major Bank Hybrids Index ETF
ASXBetaSharesHybridsHBRDActive Australian Hybrids Fund
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesASIAAsia Technology Tigers ETF
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesBBUSU.S. Equities Strong Bear Hedge Fund - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesBNKSGlobal Banks ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesCLDDCloud Computing ETF
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesDRUGGlobal Healthcare ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesEDOCDigital Health and Telemedicine ETF
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesEMMGMartin Currie Emerging Markets Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesERTHClimate Change Innovation ETF
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesETHIGlobal Sustainability Leaders ETF
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesF100FTSE 100 ETF
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesFOODGlobal Agriculture Companies ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesFUELGlobal Energy Companies ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesGGUSGeared U.S. Equity Fund - Currency Hedged (Hedge Fund)
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesHACKGlobal Cybersecurity ETF
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesHETHGlobal Sustainability Leaders ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesHEUREurope ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesHJPNJapan ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesHNDQNASDAQ 100 ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesHQLTGlobal Quality Leaders ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesIINDIndia Quality ETF
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesINCMGlobal Income Leaders ETF
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesMNRSGlobal Gold Miners ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesNDQNASDAQ 100 ETF
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesQLTYGlobal Quality Leaders ETF
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesQUSS&P 500 Equal Weight ETF
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesRBTZGlobal Robotics and Artificial Intelligence ETF
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesUMAXS&P 500 Yield Maximiser Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesInternational SharesWRLDManaged Risk Global Share Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesManaged RiskAUSTManaged Risk Australian Share Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesManaged RiskHVSTAustralian Dividend Harvester Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesManaged RiskWRLDManaged Risk Global Share Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesPropertyRINCMartin Currie Real Income Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXBetaSharesShort & GearedAUDSStrong Australian Dollar Fund (Hedge Fund)
ASXBetaSharesShort & GearedBBOZAustralian Equities Strong Bear Hedge Fund
ASXBetaSharesShort & GearedBBUSU.S. Equities Strong Bear Hedge Fund - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesShort & GearedBEARAustralian Equities Bear Hedge Fund
ASXBetaSharesShort & GearedGEARGeared Australian Equity Fund (Hedge Fund)
ASXBetaSharesShort & GearedGGUSGeared U.S. Equity Fund - Currency Hedged (Hedge Fund)
ASXBetaSharesShort & GearedYANKStrong U.S. Dollar Fund (Hedge Fund)
ASXBetaSharesTechnologyASIAAsia Technology Tigers ETF
ASXBetaSharesTechnologyATECS&P/ASX Australian Technology ETF
ASXBetaSharesTechnologyCLDDCloud Computing ETF
ASXBetaSharesTechnologyDRIVElectric Vehicles and Future Mobility ETF
ASXBetaSharesTechnologyGAMEVideo Games and Esports ETF
ASXBetaSharesTechnologyHACKGlobal Cybersecurity ETF
ASXBetaSharesTechnologyHNDQNASDAQ 100 ETF - Currency Hedged
ASXBetaSharesTechnologyIBUYOnline Retail and E-Commerce ETF
ASXBetaSharesTechnologyIPAYFuture of Payments ETF
ASXBetaSharesTechnologyNDQNASDAQ 100 ETF
ASXBetaSharesTechnologyRBTZGlobal Robotics and Artificial Intelligence ETF
ASXBetaSharesThematicASIAAsia Technology Tigers ETF
ASXBetaSharesThematicATECS&P/ASX Australian Technology ETF
ASXBetaSharesThematicCLDDCloud Computing ETF
ASXBetaSharesThematicCRYPCrypto Innovators ETF
ASXBetaSharesThematicDRIVElectric Vehicles and Future Mobility ETF
ASXBetaSharesThematicEDOCDigital Health and Telemedicine ETF
ASXBetaSharesThematicERTHClimate Change Innovation ETF
ASXBetaSharesThematicGAMEVideo Games and Esports ETF
ASXBetaSharesThematicHACKGlobal Cybersecurity ETF
ASXBetaSharesThematicIBUYOnline Retail and E-Commerce ETF
ASXBetaSharesThematicIPAYFuture of Payments ETF
ASXBetaSharesThematicRBTZGlobal Robotics and Artificial Intelligence ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)CashBILLCore Cash ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)CashISECEnhanced Cash ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)CommoditiesGLDNiShares Physical Gold ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - All CapAUMFEdge MSCI Australia Multifactor ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - All CapGLINiShares Core FTSE Global Infrastructure (AUD Hedged) ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - All CapIHDS&P/ASX Dividend Opportunities ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - All CapIHWLCore MSCI World ex Australia ESG Leaders (AUD Hedged) ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - All CapITEKiShares Future Tech Innovators ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - All CapIWLDiShares Core MSCI World ex Australia ESG Leaders ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - All CapMVOLEdge MSCI Australia Minimum Volatility ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large / Mid CapIEMMSCI Emerging Markets ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large / Mid CapIEUEurope ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large / Mid CapIJPMSCI Japan ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large / Mid CapIKOMSCI South Korea ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large / Mid CapIVEMSCI EAFE ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large / Mid CapIVVS&P 500 ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large / Mid CapIXIGlobal Consumer Staples ETF (AU)
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large / Mid CapIXJGlobal Healthcare ETF (AU)
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large CapIAAAsia 50 ETF (AU)
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large CapIESGCore MSCI Australia ESG Leaders ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large CapIHOOGlobal 100 (AUD Hedged) ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large CapIHVViShares S&P 500 (AUD Hedged) ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large CapILCS&P/ASX 20 ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large CapIOOGlobal 100 ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large CapIOZCore S&P/ASX 200 ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large CapIZZChina Large-Cap ETF (AU)
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large CapWDMFEdge MSCI World Multifactor ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Large CapWVOLEdge MSCI World Minimum Volatility ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Mid CapIJHS&P Mid-Cap ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Small CapIJRS&P Small-Cap ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Equity - Small CapISOS&P/ASX Small Ordinaries ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Fixed Income - CreditAESGiShares Global Aggregate Bond ESG (AUD Hedged) ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Fixed Income - CreditICORCore Corporate Bond ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Fixed Income - CreditIHCBCore Global Corporate Bond (AUD Hedged) ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Fixed Income - CreditIYLDYield Plus ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Fixed Income - GovernmentIGBTreasury ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Fixed Income - GovernmentIHEBJ.P. Morgan USD Emerging Markets Bond (AUD Hedged) ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Fixed Income - GovernmentIUSGiShares U.S. Treasury Bond (AUD Hedged) ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Fixed Income - High YieldIHHYGlobal High Yield Bond (AUD Hedged) ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Fixed Income - InflationILBGovernment Inflation ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Fixed Income - Multi SectorsIAFCore Composite Bond ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Multi Asset - Multi StrategyIBALiShares Balanced ESG ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Multi Asset - Multi StrategyIGROiShares High Growth ESG ETF
ASXBlackRock (iShares)Real Estate - Real Estate SecuritiesGLPRiShares Core FTSE Global Property Ex Australia (AUD Hedged) ETF
ASXDaintreeDHOFDaintree Hybrid Opportinities Fund
ASXFidelityFDEMGlobal Demographics Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXGlobal X ETFsCommoditiesATOMUranium ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsCommoditiesBCOMBloomberg Commodity ETF (Synthetic)
ASXGlobal X ETFsCommoditiesETPMAGPhysical Silver
ASXGlobal X ETFsCommoditiesETPMPDPhysical Palladium
ASXGlobal X ETFsCommoditiesETPMPMPhysical Precious Metals Basket
ASXGlobal X ETFsCommoditiesETPMPTPhysical Platinum
ASXGlobal X ETFsCommoditiesGCO2Global Carbon ETF (Synthetic)
ASXGlobal X ETFsCommoditiesGMTLGreen Metal Miners ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsCommoditiesGOLDPhysical Gold
ASXGlobal X ETFsCommoditiesWIRECopper Miners ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsCoreN100US 100 ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsCoreOZXXAustralia ex Financials & Resources ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsDigital AssetsEBTC21Shares Bitcoin ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsDigital AssetsEETH21Shares Ethereum ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsIncomeAYLDS&P/ASX 200 Covered Call ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsIncomeQYLDNasdaq 100 Covered Call ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsIncomeUSHYUSD High Yield Bond ETF (Currency Hedged)
ASXGlobal X ETFsIncomeUSIGUSD Corporate Bond ETF (Currency Hedged)
ASXGlobal X ETFsIncomeUSTBUS Treasury Bond ETF (Currency Hedged)
ASXGlobal X ETFsIncomeUYLDS&P 500 Covered Call ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsIncomeZYAUS&P/ASX 200 High Dividend ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsIncomeZYUSS&P 500 High Yield Low Volatility ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsInternationalESTXEURO STOXX 50 ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsInternationalNDIAIndia Nifty 50 ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsLeveraged & InverseLNASUltra Long Nasdaq 100 Hedge Fund
ASXGlobal X ETFsLeveraged & InverseSNASUltra Short Nasdaq 100 Hedge Fund
ASXGlobal X ETFsThematicACDCBattery Tech & Lithium ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsThematicBUGGCybersecurity ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsThematicCURES&P Biotech ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsThematicFANGFANG+ ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsThematicFTECFintech & Blockchain ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsThematicHGENHydrogen ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsThematicROBOROBO Global Robotics & Automation ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsThematicSEMISemiconductor ETF
ASXGlobal X ETFsThematicTECHMorningstar Global Technology ETF
ASXHyperionHYN04Hyperion Global Growth Companies Fund (Managed Fund)
ASXJanus HendersonFUTRGlobal Sustainable Equity Active ETF
ASXLoftus PeakLOF01Loftus Peak Global Disruption Fund
ASXLoomis SaylesLSGELoomis Sayles Global Equity Fund (Quoted)
ASXMagellanMHHTMagellan High Conviction Trust
ASXMonash InvestorsMAATMonash Absolute Active Trust
ASXMontaka Global InvestmentsMOGLMontaka Global Long Only Equities Fund
ASXMunro PartnersMAETMunro Global Growth Fund
ASXMunro PartnersMCCLMunro Climate Change Leaders Fund
ASXMunro PartnersMCGGMunro Concentrated Global Growth Fund
ASXPerennialIMPQPerennial Better Future Fund
ASXPerpetualGIVEPerpetual ESG Australian Share Fund
ASXPerpetualIDEAPerpetual Global Innovation Share Fund
ASXRussell InvestmentsEquity IncomeRDVRussell Investments High Dividend Australian Shares ETF
ASXRussell InvestmentsFixed IncomeRCBRussell Investments Australian Select Corporate Bond ETF
ASXRussell InvestmentsFixed IncomeRGBRussell Investments Australian Government Bond ETF
ASXRussell InvestmentsFixed IncomeRSMRussell Investments Australian Semi-Government Bond ETF
ASXRussell InvestmentsResponsible InvestingRARIRussell Investments Australian Responsible Investment ETF
ASXSchrodersGROWSchroder Real Return
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®BONDSPDR® S&P®/ASX Australian Bond Fund
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®DJRESPDR® Dow Jones® Global Real Estate ESG Fund
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®E200SPDR® S&P®/ASX 200 ESG Fund
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®GOVTSPDR® S&P®/ASX Australian Government Bond Fund
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®OZFSPDR® S&P®/ASX 200 Financials EX A-REIT Fund
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®OZRSPDR® S&P®/ASX 200 Resources Fund
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®QMIXSPDR® MSCI World Quality Mix Fund
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®SFYSPDR® S&P®/ASX 50 Fund
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®SLFSPDR® S&P®/ASX 200 Listed Property Fund
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®SPYSPDR® S&P 500® ETF Trust
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®SSOSPDR® S&P®/ASX Small Ordinaries Fund
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®STWSPDR® S&P®/ASX 200 Fund
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®SYISPDR® MSCI Australia Select High Dividend Yield Fund
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®WDIVSPDR® S&P® Global Dividend Fund
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®WEMGSPDR® S&P® Emerging Markets Carbon Control Fund
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®WXHGSPDR® S&P® World ex Australia Carbon Control (Hedged) Fund
ASXState Street Global Advisors SPDR®WXOZSPDR® S&P® World ex Australia Carbon Control Fund
ASXThe Perth MintCommoditiesPMGOLDPerth Mint Gold
ASXVanEckAlternative Assets - Carbon CreditsXCO2Global Carbon Credits ETF (Synthetic)
ASXVanEckAlternative Assets - GoldNUGGGold Bullion ETF
ASXVanEckAlternative Assets - Private EquityGPEQGlobal Listed Private Equity ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - Australian Broad BasedMVWAustralian Equal Weight ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - Australian Equity IncomeDVDYMorningstar Australian Moat Income ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - Australian SectorMVAAustralian Property ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - Australian SectorMVBAustralian Banks ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - Australian SectorMVRAustralian Resources ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - Australian Small & Mid CompaniesMVES&P/ASX MidCap ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - Australian Small & Mid CompaniesMVSSmall Companies Masters ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - Global SectorGDXGold Miners ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - Global SectorHLTHGlobal Healthcare Leaders ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - Global SectorIFRAFTSE Global Infrastructure (Hedged) ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - Global SectorREITFTSE International Property (Hedged) ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - InternationalCETFFTSE China A50 ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - InternationalCNEWChina New Economy ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - InternationalEMKTMSCI Multifactor Emerging Markets Equity ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - InternationalGOATMorningstar International Wide Moat ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - InternationalHVLUMSCI International Value (AUD Hedged) ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - InternationalMHOTMorningstar Wide Moat (AUD Hedged) ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - InternationalMOATMorningstar Wide Moat ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - InternationalQHALMSCI International Quality (Hedged) ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - InternationalQUALMSCI International Quality ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - InternationalVLUEMSCI International Value ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - International Small CompaniesQHSMMSCI International Small Companies Quality (AUD Hedged) ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - International Small CompaniesQSMLMSCI International Small Companies Quality ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - Sustainable InvestingESGIMSCI International Sustainable Equity ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - Sustainable InvestingGRNVMSCI Australian Sustainable Equity ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - ThematicCLNEGlobal Clean Energy ETF
ASXVanEckEquity - ThematicESPOVideo Gaming and eSports ETF
ASXVanEckFixed Income - Australian1GOV1-5 Year Australian Government Bond ETF
ASXVanEckFixed Income - Australian5GOV5-10 Year Australian Government Bond ETF
ASXVanEckFixed Income - AustralianFLOTAustralian Floating Rate ETF
ASXVanEckFixed Income - AustralianPLUSAustralian Corporate Bond Plus ETF
ASXVanEckFixed Income - AustralianXGOV10+ Year Australian Government Bond ETF
ASXVanEckFixed Income - Capital SecuritiesGCAPGlobal Capital Securities Active ETF (Managed Fund)
ASXVanEckFixed Income - Capital SecuritiesSUBDAustralian Subordinated Debt ETF
ASXVanEckFixed Income - GlobalEBNDEmerging Income Opportunities Active ETF (Managed Fund)
ASXVanEckFixed Income - GlobalTBIL1-3 Month US Treasury Bond ETF
ASXVanguardDiversifiedVDBADiversified Balanced Index ETF
ASXVanguardDiversifiedVDCODiversified Conservative Index ETF
ASXVanguardDiversifiedVDGRDiversified Growth Index ETF
ASXVanguardDiversifiedVDHGDiversified High Growth Index ETF
ASXVanguardEquities - AustralianVASAustralian Shares Index ETF
ASXVanguardEquities - AustralianVETHEthically Conscious Australian Shares ETF
ASXVanguardEquities - AustralianVHYAustralian Shares High Yield ETF
ASXVanguardEquities - AustralianVLCMSCI Australian Large Companies Index ETF
ASXVanguardEquities - AustralianVSOMSCI Australian Small Companies Index ETF
ASXVanguardEquities - InternationalVAEFTSE Asia ex Japan Shares Index ETF
ASXVanguardEquities - InternationalVEQFTSE Europe Shares ETF
ASXVanguardEquities - InternationalVESGEthically Conscious International Shares Index ETF
ASXVanguardEquities - InternationalVEUAll-World ex-U.S. Shares Index ETF (Unavailable on Vanguard Personal Investor)
ASXVanguardEquities - InternationalVGADMSCI Index International Shares (Hedged) ETF
ASXVanguardEquities - InternationalVGEFTSE Emerging Markets Shares ETF
ASXVanguardEquities - InternationalVGSMSCI Index International Shares ETF
ASXVanguardEquities - InternationalVISMMSCI International Small Companies Index ETF
ASXVanguardEquities - InternationalVMINVanguard Global Minimum Volatility Active ETF (Managed Fund)
ASXVanguardEquities - InternationalVTSU.S. Total Market Shares Index ETF (Unavailable on Vanguard Personal Investor)
ASXVanguardEquities - InternationalVVLUVanguard Global Value Equity Active ETF (Managed Fund)
ASXVanguardFixed InterestVACFAustralian Corporate Fixed Interest Index ETF
ASXVanguardFixed InterestVAFAustralian Fixed Interest Index ETF
ASXVanguardFixed InterestVBNDGlobal Aggregate Bond Index (Hedged) ETF
ASXVanguardFixed InterestVCFInternational Credit Securities Index (Hedged) ETF
ASXVanguardFixed InterestVEFIEthically Conscious Global Aggregate Bond Index (Hedged) ETF
ASXVanguardFixed InterestVGBAustralian Government Bond Index ETF
ASXVanguardFixed InterestVIFInternational Fixed Interest Index (Hedged) ETF
ASXVanguardInfrastructureVBLDGlobal Infrastructure Index ETF
ASXVanguardPropertyVAPAustralian Property Securities Index ETF

Protected: BG’s – Value Investing Principles

This content is password protected. To view it please enter your password below:

Margin Call

 

Detailed Explanation of Margin Call

A margin call is a situation that occurs when the value of an investor’s margin account falls below the required maintenance margin level. Essentially, it is a demand by a broker for the investor to deposit additional funds or securities into their margin account to bring it back to the required level. Margin calls typically happen when the market moves unfavorably for the investor’s position, causing the equity in the margin account to decrease below the minimum threshold set by the broker.

Let’s break this down step by step:

 


What is a Margin Account?

A margin account is a type of brokerage account where an investor borrows money from a broker to buy securities (such as stocks, bonds, or options). This borrowing is typically used to increase the potential return on an investment, but it also amplifies potential losses.

The key components of a margin account include:

  • Initial Margin: The minimum amount of equity the investor must deposit in their account before borrowing funds from the broker. This is typically expressed as a percentage of the total value of the securities being purchased.
  • Maintenance Margin: The minimum equity level that must be maintained in the margin account after the purchase has been made. If the equity in the account falls below this level, a margin call is triggered.

For example, if an investor wants to purchase $10,000 worth of stock, and the broker requires a 50% initial margin, the investor needs to deposit $5,000 in cash or securities. The broker will lend the investor the remaining $5,000.

 


How Does a Margin Call Work?

A margin call occurs when the equity in a margin account falls below the maintenance margin level, which is typically between 25% and 40% of the total value of the securities in the account (depending on the broker and the asset class). This can happen if the value of the securities in the account decreases (e.g., the stock price falls), thus reducing the investor’s equity.

Example:

  • Assume the investor borrows $5,000 from the broker to purchase $10,000 worth of stock.
  • The investor’s equity in the margin account is $5,000 (the initial margin).
  • If the value of the stock drops to $7,000, the investor’s equity is now $2,000 ($7,000 market value minus $5,000 borrowed amount).
  • If the broker’s maintenance margin is 30%, the required equity would be $2,100 (30% of $7,000).
  • Since the investor’s equity is now only $2,000, which is below the required $2,100, the broker will issue a margin call.

The investor now has two main options to fulfill the margin call:

  1. Deposit more funds: The investor can deposit more cash or securities into the margin account to bring the equity back to the required level.
  2. Sell securities: The investor can sell a portion of the securities in the margin account to raise cash, thus increasing the equity.

 


How to Avoid a Margin Call?

To avoid a margin call, investors need to manage their margin accounts carefully. Here are some strategies:

  • Monitor your positions: Keep a close eye on the market value of the securities in your margin account, especially in volatile markets.
  • Increase cash balance: Maintain a buffer of extra cash or securities in the account to avoid dropping below the maintenance margin.
  • Diversification: Spread out investments to reduce the risk of significant declines in the value of a single asset.
  • Use stop-loss orders: A stop-loss order can help limit potential losses by automatically selling the securities if they fall to a certain price.
  • Be conservative with leverage: Using a smaller percentage of margin to buy securities can reduce the likelihood of a margin call.

 


The Consequences of a Margin Call

If a margin call is not met, the broker has the right to liquidate the investor’s assets in the margin account to bring the account back into compliance with the maintenance margin requirements. The broker can sell the investor’s securities without the investor’s consent, and any proceeds from the sale will go toward paying off the margin loan.

This forced liquidation can have several consequences:

  • Loss of securities: The investor may be forced to sell securities at a loss if the market conditions are unfavorable.
  • Damage to credit: If the investor is unable to meet the margin call, their relationship with the broker could be damaged, and they may face difficulty accessing margin in the future.
  • Tax consequences: Selling securities in a margin account can trigger taxable events (such as capital gains or losses), depending on the sale’s outcome.
  • Debt: If the liquidation does not cover the borrowed amount, the investor may still owe the broker the remaining balance.

 


Factors Leading to a Margin Call

Several factors can lead to a margin call:

  • Decline in asset value: A drop in the value of the assets held in the margin account is the primary cause of a margin call.
  • Volatility: If the market is volatile, the value of assets can fluctuate rapidly, increasing the risk of margin calls.
  • Increased borrowing: If an investor borrows more money to buy additional securities, their margin requirements will increase, which can lead to margin calls if asset prices decline.
  • Low liquidity: If the investor’s holdings are in low-liquidity securities (stocks with low trading volumes, for instance), it may be harder to sell assets without impacting the price.

 


Example of a Margin Call in Action

Let’s walk through an example to better understand the process of a margin call.

Scenario:

  • Initial stock purchase: An investor buys 100 shares of XYZ Corp at $100 per share, using a margin loan. The total value of the investment is $10,000, and the investor’s initial margin is 50%, meaning they borrow $5,000 from the broker and contribute $5,000 of their own money.
  • Maintenance margin: The broker has a 30% maintenance margin requirement.
  • Price decline: After some time, the price of XYZ Corp falls to $80 per share. The total value of the 100 shares is now $8,000 (100 shares x $80 per share).
  • Equity: The investor owes the broker $5,000. Therefore, their equity is $8,000 – $5,000 = $3,000.
  • Required equity: The required equity to maintain a 30% maintenance margin on an $8,000 investment is $2,400 (30% of $8,000).
  • Since the investor’s equity of $3,000 is above the required $2,400, no margin call occurs yet.

However, if the price of XYZ Corp falls further, and the value drops below a level where the equity in the account is insufficient to meet the maintenance margin, the broker will issue a margin call.

 


Conclusion

A margin call is a critical concept for investors using margin (leverage) to buy securities. It serves as a safety mechanism for brokers to ensure they are protected from losses if the value of an investor’s holdings declines. However, it also places the responsibility on the investor to monitor their margin accounts carefully and maintain sufficient equity to avoid forced liquidations. Understanding how margin calls work is essential for anyone involved in margin trading to manage risks effectively and avoid potentially devastating financial consequences.

 


Margin Call Calculator
0
0
Margin Call Price

 

Protected: Capital Gains Tax (CGT)

This content is password protected. To view it please enter your password below:

Abbreviations

 

Abbreviations

 

Abbrev.Description
ABSAustralian Bureau of Statistics
ACCCAustralian Competition and Consumer Commission
ADIAuthorised Deposit-taking Institute
ADRAmerican Depositary Receipt
AFMAAustralian Financial Markets Association
AFRAustralian Financial Review
AGPSAustralian Government Printing Service
ANZANZ Banking Group
AOFMAustralian Office of Financial Management
APRAAustralian Prudential Regulation Authority
ARBLAssets Replaced Before Liabilities
ASICAustralian Securities and Investments Commission
ASXAustralian Securities Exchange
ATMAutomatic Tellar Machine
AWOTEAverage Weekly Ordinary Time Earnings
BABBank Accepted Bill
BBSWBank Bill Swap Rate
BISBank for International Settlements
CARCapital Adequacy Requirement
CBACommonwealth Bank of Australia
CBOTChicago Board of Trade
CDCertificate of Deposit
CDICHESS Depositary Interest
CDSCredit Default Swap
CEDELCentrale de Livraison de Valeurs Mobilières
CEOChief Executive Officer
CGSCommonwealth Government Securities
CHESSClearing House Electronic Sub-register System
CLICK XT/ITSASX Securities Electronic Trading System
CMEChicago Mercantile Exchange
CMTCash Management Trust
CPCommercial Paper
CPIConsumer Price Index
CRACredit Rating Agency
CUFSCHESS Units of Foreign Securities
EBITEarnings Before Interest and Tax
ECPEurocommercial Paper
EDIElectronic Data Interchange
EDREuro Depositary Receipt
EFICExport Finance and Insurance Corporation
EFTPOSElectronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale
EMUEconomic and Monetary Union
EPSEarnings Per Share
ERMExchange Rate Mechanism (European Union)
ESAExchange Settlement Account
ETPEligible Termination Payment
EUEuropean Union
EUREuro
FDAFully Drawn Advance
FECForward Exchange Contract
FedFederal Reserve Bank (USA)
FRAForward Rate Agreement
FRNFloating Rate Note
FTSEFinancial Times Stock Exchange
FXForeign Exchange
G-10Group of 10 Central Banks
GDPGross Domestic Product
GDRGlobal Depositary Receipt
GICSGlobal Industry Classification Standard
GNEGross National Expenditure
HPYHolding Period Yield
IBSAInternational Banking and Security Association
IMFInternational Monetary Fund
IPOInitial Public Offering
IRRInternal Rate of Return
IWTInterest Withholding Tax
L/CLetter of Credit
LBOLeveraged Buy Out
LEPOLow Exercise Price Option
LIBIDLondon Inter-Bank Bid Rate
LIBORLondon Inter-Bank Offered Rate
LIFFELondon International Financial Futures Exchange
LIMEANLondon Inter-Bank Mean Rate
LMELondon Metals Exchange
LSELondon Stock Exchange
M&AMerger & Acquisition
MAMoving Average
MBOManagement Buy Out
MSCIMorgan Stanley Capital International Index
MTNMedium Term Note
NABNational Australia Bank
NASDAQNational Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System
NBFINon-Bank Financial Institution
NCDNegotiable Certificate of Deposit
NGFNational Guarantee Fund
NICNewly Industrialising Country
NIFEuronote Issuance Facility
NPVNet Present Value
NTANet Tangible Assets
NYSENew York Stock Exchange
OBSOff Balance Sheet
OBUOffshore Banking Unit
OECDOrganisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
OPECOrganisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OTCOver-The-Counter
P/EPrice to Earnings Ratio
PLCPublicly Listed Corporation
P-NotePromissory Note
PPPPurchasing Power Parity
PSBRPublic Sector Borrowing Requirement
PVPresent Value
PVCFPresent Value of Cash Flows
QIBQualified Institutional Buyers
RBAReserve Bank of Australia
RBLReasonable Benefit Limit
RBNZReserve Bank of New Zealand
REPOSRepurchase Agreements
RITSReserve Bank Information and Transfer System
ROEReturn On Equity
ROIReturn On Investment
RTGSReal Time Gross Settlement
S&PStandard & Poor's Credit Rating Agency
SECSecurities and Exchange Commission (USA)
SFESydney Futures Exchange
SGCSuperannuation Guarantee Charge
SIBORSingapore Inter-Bank Offered Rate
SISSuperannuation Industry (Supervision) Act
SMARTSpecific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely
SMESmall and Medium Sized Enterprise
SOMASurvelliance of Market Activity System (ASX)
SPANStandard Portfolio Analysis of Risk
SPIShare Price Index
SPVSpecial Purpose Vehicle
SSPSpecial Service Providor
SWIFTSociety for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications
T-BillTreasury Bill
TLCTransferable Loan Certificate
T-NoteTreasury Note
TWITrade Weighted Index
UKUnited Kingdom
USAUnited States of America
USCPUnited States Commercial Paper
VaRValue at Risk
WBCWestpac Banking Corporation

Protected: Tax

This content is password protected. To view it please enter your password below:

Cash Flow Statement

 

Cash Flow Statement

 

Cash from Operations:
Ending Cash Balance:

Profit & Loss Statement (P&L)

The income statement, also known as the profit and loss statement (P&L), is one of the key financial statements that provides a summary of a company’s revenues, expenses, and profits or losses over a specific period (usually a quarter or year). It shows the company’s ability to generate profit by increasing revenue, reducing costs, or both.

Here’s a breakdown of the main sections of an income statement:

1. Revenue (Sales or Top Line)

  • This is the total amount of money earned by the company from its primary business activities, such as selling products or providing services, before any costs or expenses are deducted.
  • Revenue is often referred to as the top line because it is the starting point of the income statement.
  • Example: A retail company’s revenue might come from selling goods, while a software company’s revenue could come from software licenses or subscription fees.

2. Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)

  • This is the direct cost of producing the goods or services sold by the company. It includes expenses like raw materials, labor costs, and manufacturing expenses.
  • COGS is also known as direct costs because it’s directly tied to production.
  • Example: For a clothing retailer, COGS includes the cost of fabric, sewing, and shipping of the clothing items.

3. Gross Profit

  • Gross Profit is calculated by subtracting COGS from Revenue.
  • Formula: Gross Profit=RevenueCOGS\text{Gross Profit} = \text{Revenue} – \text{COGS}
  • This figure represents the basic profitability of a company’s core operations before accounting for operating expenses.
  • Example: If a company has $1,000,000 in revenue and $600,000 in COGS, the gross profit would be $400,000.

4. Operating Expenses

  • These are the costs associated with running the business that are not directly tied to the production of goods or services. Operating expenses are typically divided into:
    • Selling, General, and Administrative (SG&A) Expenses: These are indirect costs like salaries, marketing, office rent, utilities, etc.
    • Depreciation and Amortization: The reduction in value of physical assets (like buildings and machinery) or intangible assets (like patents or software).
  • Example: An administrative cost such as salaries for the management team or advertising expenses.

5. Operating Income (EBIT)

  • Operating Income (also called Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)) represents the profit a company makes from its regular business operations, excluding costs related to financing and taxes.
  • Formula: Operating Income=Gross ProfitOperating Expenses\text{Operating Income} = \text{Gross Profit} – \text{Operating Expenses}
  • Example: If the company’s gross profit is $400,000 and it has operating expenses of $200,000, the operating income will be $200,000.

6. Non-Operating Income and Expenses

  • These are income and expenses that are not related to the core business operations. Non-operating income can include gains or losses from investments, interest income, or income from the sale of assets.
  • Interest Expense: The cost of borrowing funds, often shown as a separate line item.
  • Example: A company might earn interest income from its bank deposits or incur interest expenses from a loan.

7. Income Before Taxes (EBT)

  • EBT (Earnings Before Tax) is the company’s profit before any income tax expenses are deducted. It includes all revenue, expenses, interest, and non-operating income or losses.
  • Formula: EBT=Operating Income+Non-Operating Income/Expenses\text{EBT} = \text{Operating Income} + \text{Non-Operating Income/Expenses}
  • Example: If the company has an operating income of $200,000 and non-operating income of $20,000, the EBT would be $220,000.

8. Income Tax Expense

  • This represents the taxes owed on the company’s income, based on the applicable tax rate. It is calculated after considering income before tax (EBT).
  • Example: If the company owes $50,000 in taxes, this amount will be deducted.

9. Net Income (Bottom Line)

  • Net Income is the final profit or loss after all expenses, including operating expenses, interest, taxes, and other non-operating items, have been deducted from revenue.
  • It is often referred to as the bottom line because it is the last line on the income statement.
  • Formula: Net Income=Income Before TaxesIncome Tax Expense\text{Net Income} = \text{Income Before Taxes} – \text{Income Tax Expense}
  • Example: If the EBT is $220,000 and the company pays $50,000 in taxes, the net income will be $170,000.

Example of a Simple Income Statement:

Item Amount
Revenue $1,000,000
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) $600,000
Gross Profit $400,000
Operating Expenses $200,000
Operating Income (EBIT) $200,000
Non-Operating Income $20,000
Income Before Taxes (EBT) $220,000
Income Tax Expense $50,000
Net Income $170,000

Why the Income Statement is Important:

  • Performance Tracking: It shows how well the company is performing in terms of profitability over a specific period.
  • Investment Decision: Investors use the income statement to assess a company’s profitability and make informed investment decisions.
  • Financial Health: It helps stakeholders (management, creditors, and investors) evaluate the company’s ability to generate profit, manage expenses, and pay taxes.

In summary, the income statement provides a detailed account of a company’s revenues and expenses, culminating in net income or loss. It is an essential tool for understanding a company’s financial performance and for making decisions regarding investment, management, and operations.

Income Statement

 

Gross Margin:
Operating Expenses:
Income from Operations:
Net Income:

Commodities

 

 

 

 

CommodityCategorySub-Category
Adzuki BeanAgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
AluminiumMetalsIndustrial
Aluminium AlloyMetalsIndustrial
AmberOther-
Brent Crude OilEnergy-
CobaltMetalsIndustrial
CocoaAgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
Cocoa CAgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
CornAgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
Cotton No.2AgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
EthanolEnergy-
Feeder CattleAgriculturalLivestock and Meat
Frozen Concentrated Orange JuiceAgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
GoldMetalsPrecious
Gulf Coast GasolineEnergy-
Hardwood PulpForest Products-
Heating OilEnergy-
LeadMetalsIndustrial
Lean HogsAgriculturalLivestock and Meat
Live CattleAgriculturalLivestock and Meat
LME CopperMetalsIndustrial
LME NickelMetalsIndustrial
MilkAgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
MolybdenumMetalsIndustrial
Natural GasEnergy-
No 2. Soybean AgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
OatsAgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
PalladiumMetalsPrecious
Palm OilOther-
PlatinumMetalsPrecious
PropaneEnergy-
Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA)Energy-
Random Length LumberForest Products-
RapeseedAgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
RBOB Gasoline (Reformulated gasoline Blendstock for Oxygen Blending)Energy-
Recycled SteelMetalsIndustrial
Robusta CoffeeAgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
Rough RiceAgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
RubberOther-
SilverMetalsPrecious
Softwood PulpForest Products-
Soy MealAgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
Soybean MealAgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
Soybean OilAgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
SoybeansAgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
Sugar No.11AgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
Sugar No.14AgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
TinMetalsIndustrial
WheatAgriculturalGrains, Food and Fiber
WoolOther-
WTI Crude OilEnergy-
ZincMetalsIndustrial